사교육과 학생의 학업성취도 분포: 교육 불평등에 대한 사교육의 함의 = Private Tutoring and Distribution of Student Academic Outcomes: An Implication of the Presence of Private Tutoring for Educational Inequality

국문 초록 (Abstract)

사교육이 세계적으로 확산됨에 따라 사교육의 확대가 교육 불평등을 악화시키고 궁극적으로 세대 간 이동성을 악화시킬 것이라는 우려가 많다. 본 연구는 사교육이 한국 중학생의 학업성취도에 미치는 평균 및 분포 효과를 추정하여 이 질문에 답하고자 한다. 이중차분모형에서 분포를 복구하는 반모수적 모형을 적용한 결과, 사교육은 성취도 분포의 상단을 우측으로 이동시키면서 분포의 하단에서는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 사교육의 확대가 교육 불평등을 심화시키는 정도가 사교육의 평균 효과가 미미하다는 실증연구들이 시사하는 수준보다 클 수 있음을 시사한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As private tutoring becomes globally widespread, many worry that an expansion of private tutoring aggravates educational inequality and ultimately intergenerational mobility. We address the issues by estimating the average and distributional effects of private tutoring on academic outcomes of Korean middle school students. Applying a semiparametric model recovering distributions in difference-in-differences models, we discover that the presence of private tutoring shifts the upper half of the outcome distribution rightward, but it exerts statistically insignificant effects on the lower half of the distribution. Our result suggests that the expansion of private tutoring in an education system is expected to aggravate educational inequality more than an empirical method reporting modest average effects suggests.

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