인도네시아 서부 술라웨시의 발라니파 왕국의 기원 신화에 나타난 엘리트 세력의 형성 과정과 양두정치 양상 = The Formation of the Elite Groups and Diarchy Reflected in the Origin Narratives of the Balanipa Kingdom, West Sulawesi, Indonesia

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 인도네시아 서부 술라웨시주에 수립되었던 발라니파(Balanipa) 왕국의 두 전통 엘리트 세력인 푸앙(puang)과 다잉(daeng)의 기원과 계급 문화에 대해 살피고 있다. 푸앙은 관습 세력(kaum adat)에 속하며, 다잉은 귀족 세력(kaum bangsawan)이다. 오스트로네시아어족의 원(原) 문화가 많이 남아 있는 동부 인도네시아에서 관습 세력은 귀족 세력의 권력을 견제하며 양두정치를 이끈 세력이다. 관습 세력과 귀족 세력은 오스트로네시아어족의 문화에서 사회 이데올로기인 ‘도래 우선순위의 원칙’에 따라 수립되는 경우가 대부분인데, 관습 세력은 지역에 최초로 도래해 땅을 개간한 조상의 후손 씨족들이 차지한다. 이와 함께 오스트로네시아어족의 문화에서는 왕국이 수립될 때 외지인을 군주로 추대하는 이방인 군주제 전통이 폭넓게 나타나는데, 동부 인도네시아에서는 관습 세력이 이방인을 추대하고, 전자는 관습을 주관하고 후자는 정치를 담당하는 양두정치를 발전시켰다. 발라니파의 기원 신화를 분석해 보면 푸앙 역시 이방인 세력으로 간주되며, 이것은 비록 그 씨족이 지역에 첫 번째로 도래한 이주 세력은 아니었지만, 세력 경쟁을 통해서 “땅의 주인” 즉 관습 세력의 지위를 획득한 것으로 해석된다. 또한 푸앙이 군주를 추대해 양두정치를 펼쳤지만, 군주의 뿌리를 푸앙의 뿌리와 동일시 함으로써, 두 세력의 기원이 같지만 권력 남용 방지와 효율적인 사회 운영 등의 목표 때문에 인근 지역에서 보편적인 양두정치라는 정치문화 속에서 권력과 권위를 분리해서 사회를 다스린 것으로 파악해 볼 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article investigates the origins of the two traditional elites group of the Balanipa Kingdom, which were called the puang and daeng. The puang belongs to the so-called adat group, while the daeng refers to the aristocracy. In eastern part of Indonesia, where the primordial culture of the Austronesian-speaking people remained, the adat group was an equal leader with the aristocracy group. Both groups led the so-called diarchy. The former was established based upon the principles of the ‘precedence order of arrival‘, which became the social backbone of the Austronesian region. This group was the descendants of the first settler of the region. When the communities developed into a state, the adat group installed a king whose origin was foreign and endowed political power to him. Yet, the case of Balanipa reveals that the puang itself also had foreign-origin. Perhaps, this group was one of the immigrant groups, and via competition or usurp with the earlier immigrant groups, it obtained the status as the land owner and adat group. The origins of the puang and daeng are generated from the same root, which means that the Balanipa people controlled the society by separating the power and authority in order to prevent the power abuse and efficient social control by adopting the diarchic tradition.

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