관북유학자(關北儒學者) 당주(당洲) 박종(朴琮)의 생애(生涯)와 도학연원(道學淵源) 고찰(考察) -『당주집(당洲集)』을 중심(中心)으로- = A Study on the Life and Literature Origin of Kwanbuk Confucian scholar Dang-Ju Park Jong -Focused on “Dang-Ju Collection”-

국문 초록 (Abstract)

『당洲集』의 著者 당洲 朴琮(1735~1793)은 咸鏡道 鏡城 출신의 유학자로 18세기關北地方 유학에 영향을 끼친 인물로, 華谷 朴興宗(1600~1687)과 松巖 李載亨(1665~1741)을 私淑하였으며, 農巖 金昌協(1651~1708)과 陶菴 李縡(1680~1746)의 학풍을 이어받았다. 그리고 안동의 陽坡 柳觀鉉을 비롯 영남 남인들과도 교유하 였으며, 澹窩 洪啓禧(1703~1771)의 제자가 되었고, 이후 스승 澹窩를 따라 上京해서 楊州의 江泉亭과 渼湖의 石室書院을 중심으로 渼湖 金元行(1702~1772)을 비롯해 많은 문인들과 교유를 하였으며, 經史에 禮學에 뛰어난 선비였다. 하지만 그는 선비로써의 立身揚名을 시험하였으나, 함경도 문인으로써의 상황을 직시해벼슬을 포기하고, 관북문인으로써 지조와 절의를 지켰으며, 朱子學을 배우고 禮學을 실천하는 전형적인 유학자이면서 山林處士의 삶을 살아간다. 훗날 1777년에 담와의 손자[洪相範]가 정조시해미수사건을 일으킨 일로 인해 연루된 자들 모두가 죽임을 당할 때에, 박종만은 節義를 지키다 寧海로 16년간의 기나긴 定配에 처해지지만 곧은 의지로 더욱 학문에 邁進하고, 자연을 벗 삼아자신의 정체성을 찾는 새로운 기회로 삼았으며, 配所에서 餘生을 보내다 타계한다. 이처럼 당洲는 평생토록 학문을 궁구하고 벼슬에 연연하지 않은 함경도인의 강인한기개와 절의를 가졌으며, 그의 인물관과 의식세계는 함경도 문인의 특징을 대변하기에 충분하다. 그는 담와, 미호 兩先生을 스승으로 모시고 龜溪 洪季修, 鳳巖 韓夢麟, 楡軒韓夢弼, 畏菴 洪章海, 疏江 金鍾健, 漁南 李식, 蘆厓 柳道源 등 많은 문인들과 교유하며 학문 활동을 펼쳤으며, 고향에 돌아와서는 당주서당 등을 통해 많은 후학을 가르쳤다. 그의 학문은 훗날 관북부자 龜巖 李元培(1745~1802)를 거쳐晦堂 玄翊洙, 屯塢 林宗七(1781~1859)로 계승되는 밑거름이 되었다. 이러한 당주 박종의 道學淵源은 우암 송시열과 농암 김창협을 중심으로 화곡 박흥종 - 송암 이재형 - 도암 이재 - 담와 홍계희, 미호 김원행 - 당주 박종순의 학문적 연원을 가지며, 당주 박종은 18세기 北關四賢의 맥을 이었으며, 관북학문을 履修·傳授한 정통성을 지닌 관북유학자였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

『Dang-Ju Collection』 of Dang-Ju Park Jong (1735~1793) was born in Kyungsung, Hamkyung Province. As Confucian scholar, he had influence over the 18th century Kwanbukregion Confucianism. With Wha-kok Park Hung-jong and Song-am Lee Jae-hyung as a model, Park Jong succeeded to the academic traditions of Kim Chang-hyup and Do-am Lee Jae. And he kept company with Youngnam the Southerners as well as Ahndong Ryu Kwan-hyun and became the pupil of Dan-wha Hong Kye-hee. Later, he followed his master to the capital and had social intercourse with many men of letters such as Mi-ho Kim Won-hang in Kang Chun Jeong and Mi-ho Soeksil Seowon in Yang Ju. Although he tried to achieve fame and prestige as scholar but gave up a government post, facing up to the reality that he was a man of letters from Hamgkyung Province. He kept his principle and belief as Kwanbuk literator and lived a typical life of Chusa as Confucian scholar, learning the teachings of Chu-tzu and practicing Yehak. In 1777, when all the accomplices were punished to death due to the attempted murder of King Jeong-jo by the grandson (Hong Sang-bum) of Dam-wha, only Park Jong was loyal] to his principle and was banished to a territorial waters for 16 years. However, he was more engrossed with learning with upright volition, taking advantage of the banishment as a chance to find his identity while keeping company with nature. He spent the rest of his days in the place of exile and passed away. He showed a strong will of spirit and principle of a Hamkyung-dorian, mastering learning for all his natural without clinging to a government post. Therefore, his character and consciousness are enough to represent the distinctions of Hamkyung-do men of letters. He was associated with many men of letters including Dam-wha, Teacher Mi-ho, Kwi-kye Hong Kye-soo, Bong-am Han Bong-rin, Ku-am Lee Won-bae, Yang-pa Ryu Kwan-hyun, Ye-am Hong Jang-hae, and Ur-nam Lee Kyung-bo. In addition, he trained disciples in Dang-Ju Village School. His academic disciplines paved a ground for succession to Dun-oh Lim Jong-chul through Ku-am Lee Won-bae. Such academic principles of Dang-Ju Park Jong had been handed down from mainly U-am Song Si-yeulm and Nong-am Kim Chang-hyup and also Wha-kok Park Hung-jong, Song-am Lee Jae-hyung, Do-am Lee Jae, Dam-wha Hong Kye-hee, Mi-ho Kim Won-hang and to himself. Dang-Ju Park Jong was a Kwanbuk Confucian scholar of legitimacy among the scholars who succeeded to Kwanbuk Sahyun, learned and passed down Kwanbuk literature in the 18th century.