영국 조선산업의 쇠퇴와 감원(1945~2000) = Decline of the British Shipbuilding Industry and Workforce Reductions(1945~2000)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2차대전 이후 영국 조선산업은 일본, 독일, 스웨덴과 경쟁에 밀리면서 시장경쟁력을 상실했다. 영국 조선소들은 1950년대 말 이후 지속적인 구조조정 및 감원의 압력에 노출되었다. 정부의 막대한 공적 자금이 투입되어도 기업의 경영실적은 호전되지 않았다. 조선산업의 노동조합들의 다수는 19세기 이래 강한 크래프트 전통을 지녔는데, 감원에 대한 통일적인 정책을 갖고 있지 못했고, 법률을 통해서 해고를 규제하는데 소극적이었다. 조선산업의 크래프트 유니온들은 자유롭게 해고할 수 있는 경영자의 권한에 도전하지 않았다. 이로 인해서 노동운동은 고용조정과 관련한 제도적 자원을 확보할 수 없었다. 1970년 UCS 감원은 희망퇴직을 활용해서 이루어졌지만, 해고 노동자들에 대한 구직서비스나 재훈련프로그램 등은 진행되지 않았다. 1971-2년의 UCS 워크인은 일할 권리를 내세운 감원반대 투쟁이 성공을 거둔 사례였지만, 고용조정의 규칙과 장치에는 특별한 변화가 없었다. 1977년 국영 브리티시조선 출범 이후1978년 조선해고수당법에 근거한 희망퇴직이 대거 이루어졌다. 대처 정부 출범 이후에는 민영화와 더불어 보다 강압적인 방식으로 감원이 추진되었다. 감원에 반대하는 파업에 참여한 노동자에게 해고수당을 받을 수 있는 자격을 박탈하는 법률로 인해서 효과적인 저항도 조직되기 어려웠다. 숙련노동자와 미숙련노동자의 분열이나 조선소간 수주 경쟁 등으로 조선소 폐쇄에 노동조합들이 통일적으로 대응하는 것은 가능하지 않았다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The British shipbuilding industry lost its competitive edge and handed over the shipbuilding market to Japan, Germany and Sweden after the Word War Ⅱ. British shipyards continued to be under the pressures of restructuring and redundancies since the late 1950s. Even if the government’s public funds were poured into, the management performance of the industry did not improve. Many labour unions in the shipyards, which had strong craft traditions since 19th century, did not have a uniform policy on redundancy, being reluctant in regulating collective dismissals through legislation. The craft unions did not challenge managers’ rights over free dismissal. As a result, the workers’ movement was unable to secure institutional resources concerning redundany or employment adjustment procedures. In 1970, job cuts were made using voluntary redundancy in the UCS, but there were no replacement services or retraining programs for redundant workers at all. The UCS work-in of 1971-2 was a no-redundancy struggle demanding the right to work, resulting with great success. However, labour unions could not change the rules and arrangements of employment adjustment in the shipyards. After the establishment of the state-run British Shipbuilder in 1977, happened a great deal of voluntary redundancy supported by the Shipbuilding (Redundancy Payments) Act 1978. When Thatcher took in office, the government promoted privatization of the shipyards. pushing redundancy more repressively, Worker’s resistance was also difficult to organize due to laws that disqualified workers from redundancy payments for participating in strikes against redundancy. Because of divisions between the skilled and the unskilled workers, and competitions for orders between shipyards, it was difficult for shipyard unions to respond against shipyard closures in unity.

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