Responses of Summer Shoots and Spring Phenology of Pinus koraiensis Seedlings to Increased Temperature and Decreased Precipitation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We investigated the changes in shoot growth and spring phenology of Pinus koraiensis seedlings under climate change. In 2016, 2-year-old seedlings were planted and treated with increased temperature and decreased precipitation. Temperature was elevated by 3 °C using infrared heaters and V-shaped panels covered 30% of plot area to block precipitation. Occurrence of summer shoots was measured in October 2017 and 2018. Spring phenology was observed in 2018 and 2019. Occurrence rate of summer shoots under increased temperature rose by 37.8% in 2018 but dropped by 14.3% in 2019 compared to the control. Occurrence rate of summer shoots was positively and negatively correlated with summer temperature in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Spring phenology advanced by 8.8 days under increased temperature in 2018 and 2019. The number of chilling days (daily mean temperature < 0 °C) decreased by 44.1% and growing-degree days in spring with a 0 °C base temperature increased by 15.6% under increased temperature in both years. Budburst date under increased temperature advanced with rapid and early warm temperature accumulation. Summer shoot development might not affect timing of growth cessation or spring phenology in the following year. Decreased precipitation treatment did not influence the summer shoots or spring phenology.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 공우석, "한반도에 자생하는 침엽수의 종 구성과 분포" 대한지리학회 39 (39): 528-543, 2004

2 김재욱, "앙상블 기후 시나리오 자료를 활용한 우리나라 잣나무림 분포 적지 전망" 한국환경복원기술학회 18 (18): 79-88, 2015

3 김문일, "기후변화가 한 국 산림에 미치는 영향과 관리 전략" 한국환경생물학회 35 (35): 413-425, 2017

4 박창용, "기온과 강수특성을 고려한 남한의 기후지역구분" 대한지리학회 44 (44): 1-16, 2009

5 Box EO, "comparative look at bioclimatic zonation, vegetation types, tree taxa and species richness in Northeast Asia" 1 : 5-20, 2012

6 Beikircher B, "Winter peridermal conductance of apple trees : lammas shoots and spring shoots compared" 27 : 707-715, 2013

7 Chang H, "Warming results in advanced spring phenology, delayed leaf fall, and developed abnormal shoots in Pinus densiflora seedlings" 32 : 1473-1479, 2018

8 Thiel D, "Uniform drought and warming responses in Pinus nigra provenances despite specific overall performances" 270 : 200-208, 2012

9 Harrington CA, "Tradeoffs between chilling and forcing in satisfying dormancy requirements for Pacific Northwest tree species" 6 : 120-, 2015

10 Rötzer T, "The timing of bud burst and its effect on tree growth" 48 : 109-118, 2004

11 Kramer K, "The importance of phenology for the evaluation of impact of climate change on growth of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests ecosystems : an overview" 44 : 67-75, 2000

12 Fu YH, "The impact of winter and spring temperatures on temperate tree budburst dates : results from an experimental climate manipulation" 7 : e47324-, 2012

13 Caffarra A, "The ecological significance of phenology in four different tree species : effects of light and temperature on bud burst" 55 : 711-721, 2011

14 Bailey JD, "Temperature regulation of bud–burst phenology within and among years in a young Douglas–fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii)plantation in western Washington, USA" 26 : 421-430, 2006

15 Korean Forest Service, "Statistical yearbook of forestry 2018"

16 Mutke S, "Shoot growth and phenology modelling of grafted Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Inner Spain" 60 : 527-537, 2003

17 Chuine I, "Selecting models to predict the timing of flowering of temperate trees : implications for tree phenology modelling" 22 : 1-13, 1999

18 SAS Institute Inc, "SAS/STAT® 14. 3 User’s Guide"

19 Hunter AF, "Predicting the timing of budburst in temperate trees" 29 : 597-604, 1992

20 Strimbeck GR, "Plant cold hardiness:From the laboratory to the field" CAB International 226-239, 2009

21 Kramer PJ, "Physiology of woody plants" Academic Press 2012

22 Jackson RB, "Physiological global productivity" Academic Press 61-82, 2001

23 Olszyk D, "Phenology and growth of shoots, needles, and buds of Douglas–fir seedlings with elevated CO2 and(or)temperature" 76 : 1991-2001, 1998

24 Lanner RM, "Origin of the summer shoot of pinyon pines" 48 : 1759-1765, 1970

25 "Open Weather Data Portal"

26 Neimane U, "Influence of lammas shoots on productivity of Norway spruce in Latvia" 13 : 354-360, 2015

27 Jansons A, "Influence of lammas shoots on height of young Scots pines in Latvia" 14 : 407-417, 2016

28 Aldén T, "Influence of CO2, moisture and nutrients on the formation of lammas growth and prolepsis in seedlings of Pinus silvestris L" 93 : 3-20, 1971

29 Han SH, "Increased soil temperature stimulates changes in carbon, nitrogen, and mass loss in the fine roots of Pinus koraiensis under experimental warming and drought" 43 : 80-87, 2019

30 Trenberth KE, "Global warming and changes in drought" 4 : 17-22, 2014

31 천정화, "GARP 모형과 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 잣나무의 지리적 분포 변화" 한국농림기상학회 17 (17): 348-357, 2015

32 Adams HD, "Experimental drought and heat can delay phenological development and reduce foliar and shoot growth in semiarid trees" 21 : 4210-4220, 2015

33 Menzel A, "European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern" 12 : 1969-1976, 2006

34 Katrevics J, "Environmental factors affecting formation of lammas shoots in young stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in Latvia" 11 : 809-815, 2018

35 Lavender DP, "Environment and shoot growth of woody plants" Oregon State University 1981

36 Costa-e-Silva F, "Effects of an extremely dry winter on net ecosystem carbon exchange and tree phenology at a cork oak woodland" 204 : 48-57, 2015

37 Han S, "Effect of open–field experimental warming on the leaf phenology of oriental oak(Quercus variabilis)seedlings" 7 : 559-566, 2014

38 Kushida T, "Effect of high summer temperatures on lammas shoot elongation and flowering in Japanese red pine" 45 : 215-221, 2015

39 Bernal M, "Drought advances spring growth phenology of the Mediterranean shrub Erica multiflora" 13 : 252-257, 2011

40 Hänninen H, "Dormancy release of Norway spruce under climatic warming : testing ecophysiological models of bud burst with a whole–tree chamber experiment" 27 : 291-300, 2007

41 Du J, "Detecting the effects of climate change on canopy phenology in coniferous forests in semi–arid mountain regions of China" 35 : 6490-6507, 2014

42 서영완, "DBH growth for three years after thinning on even-aged Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi plantations in South Korea" 한국산림과학회 15 (15): 1-6, 2019

43 Hallgren SW, "Control of height growth components in seedlings of California red and white fir by seed source and water stress" 18 : 521-529, 1998

44 IPCC, "Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" Cambridge University Press 2014

45 Hytteborn H, "Coniferous forests, ecosystems of the world" Elsevier 23-99, 2005

46 Nakamura Y, "Coniferous forests, ecosystems of the world" Elsevier 163-220, 2005

47 Skre O, "Combined effects of elevated winter temperatures and CO2on Norway spruce seedlings" 3 : 135-143, 1996

48 Richardson AD, "Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system" 169 : 156-173, 2013

49 Morin X, "Changes in leaf phenology of three European oak species in response to experimental climate change" 186 : 900-910, 2010

50 Kaya Z, "Adaptive significance of intermittent shoot growth in Douglas–fir seedlings" 14 : 1277-1289, 1994

51 조희재, "Abnormal Shoot Responses of Pinus densiflora Seedlings to Open-field Experimental Warming and Precipitation Manipu" 한국기후변화학회 10 (10): 1-8, 2019

52 Seo DJ, "A study on phenology and growth of Pinus densiflora forest in the Baekdudaegan area" Gyeong–Sang National University 2012

53 Kuster TM, "A phenological timetable of oak growth under experimental drought and air warming" 9 : e89724-, 2014

54 Allen CD, "A global overview of drought and heat–induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests" 259 : 660-684, 2010