북한을 역사화하기 ― 국가사회주의, 인구이동, 그리고 냉전사학 = Historicizing North Korea: State Socialism, Population Mobility, and Cold War Historiography

국문 초록 (Abstract)

한반도에서 냉전은 아직 끝나지 않았다. 그간 사회주의를 연구하는 역사학자들은 국가가 전능한 권력을 행사한다는 냉전 시대의 가정에 문제를 제기해 왔지만, 한국사, 특히 한반도 북쪽의 역사는 트랜스내셔널 반공주의(transnational anti-Communism) 유산의 깊은 영향 하에 머물러 있다. 이 글은 북한을 소련, 중국, 동독 같은 다른 사회주의 국가와 함께 비교사적 관점에서 분석함으로써, 국가 너머의 사회적 구성력(constitutive power)을 북한사 서술에 포함시키는 방법을 제안해보고자 한다. 사회적 구성력의 한 사례로 이 글은 인구이동에 주목한다. 일본 제국 해체를 기점으로 시작된 사람들의 이동은 항상 한반도의 두 국가 간 정치적 문제가 되어 왔다. 많은 역사학자가 인구이동 문제에 관심을 가져왔지만, 이 연구들은 북한 정권이 생산한 자료에 의존하는 경우가 많았다. 때문에 북한 정권에 비판적인 입장을 취하는 경우에도, 북한에 대한 역사 서술은 북한 정권이 개인숭배를 목적으로 만든 주요한 가정을 역사학적 분석틀 내에서 재생산하고 말았다. 그 결과, 북한 국가는 희화화되어 묘사되고 있다. 이 글은 북한의 다양한 대중매체를 활용해서, 북한 정부의 행정명령과 김일성의 훈시에도 불구하고, 도시 이주민, 공장 지배인, 중앙 경제계획 담당자의 다양한 이해가 서로 충돌하는 가운데 많은 북한 주민이 도시로 이주했다는 사실을 보여주고자 한다. 국가의 전체주의적 능력을 당연시하는 대신 국가의 한계에 질문을 던지는 것은 분단의 정치가 여전히 한반도에서 맹위를 떨치는 상황에서 냉전의 역사학적 유산을 벗어나는 하나의 방법이 될것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Cold War is far from over on the Korean Peninsula. Korean history―especially for the northern half―remains deeply shaped by the legacies of transnational anti-communism even as historians who study socialism in other settings have shed many of the Cold War- era assumptions about the extensive power of the state. By putting North Korea in a comparative perspective with other socialist countries such as the USSR, the People’s Republic of China, and the German Democratic Republic, this article suggests ways of integrating the constitutive power of social forces beyond the state into our histories of North Korea, as seen through an examination of population movement. Beginning with the dissolution of the Japanese Empire, the mobility of people has always been a politicized issue between the two Koreas. Historians have taken up this issue, yet dependence on sources produced by the North Korean state has led many narratives―however harshly critical of the regime―to reproduce within their own analytical frameworks key assumptions originally produced in Pyongyang in support of the personality cult. The result has been a cartoonish depiction of the North Korean state. By using a diverse set of public media as sources, this article shows that due to conflicting interests of migrants, factory managers, and central economic planners, many North Koreans moved into the cities despite administrative injunctions and the admonishments of Kim Ilsung. Asking questions about the limits of the state, rather than assuming its totalitarian capacity, becomes one way of escaping the historiographical legacies of the Cold War even as the politics of division continue to rage on the peninsula.

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