Women, Feminism, and Confucianism in Vietnam in the Early 20th Century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The early years of the twentieth century introduced Vietnam, then a French colony, to feminism, which helped expose the problem of suicide among women, prostitution, and the trafficking. This article surveyed writings in three influential newspapers published for and by women, namely, “Phụ Nữ Tân Văn” (PNTV) (Woman’s Newspaper) 1929-1934,“Phụ nữ Thời Đàm” (PNTĐ) (Women’s Discussions on Topical Questions) 1930-1934, and “Đàn Bà”(ĐB) (Women) 1939-1945. The writings were analyzed to illustrate how feminism was perpetrated in this period, and how the writers were able to reconcile it with prevalent Confucianism, which this paper also argued as having put in place, gender inequality.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Doumer, Paul, "Xứ Đông dương (L' Indo-Chine Francaise)" Publishing House of the World 2015

2 Phan Khoi, "Vấn đề phụ nữ giải phóng với nhân sinh quan (An Issue of Emancipation of Woman and the Philosophy of Life)" (135) : 1932

3 Pham Quynh, "Vấn đề phụ nữ (An Issue of Women)" 1929

4 Phan Khoi, "Vấn đề cải cách cho phụ nữ (An innovative Issue for Woman)" (118) : 1932

5 G.G.T.P., "Vấn đề bình đẳng với chị em ta (An Equal Issue and Women)" (1) : 1930

6 Phan Khoi, "Tống Nho với phụ nữ (Song Dynasty's Confucianism and women)" (95) : 1931

7 Phan Khoi, "Trong một tuần lễ hai cái án phụ nữ tự sát (Two Women commiting Suicide in a Week)" (117) : 1932

8 Lanser, Susan, "Toward a Feminist Narratology" 20 (20): 341-363, 1986

9 TB.ĐB, "Thiệt riêng phận gái (The Unfair Disadvantage of Women)" (54) : 1940

10 Hoai Thanh, "Thi nhân Việt Nam" Nguyen Duc Phien Press 1942

11 Ireland, Alleyne F.R.G.S., "The Far Eastern Tropics, Studies In The Administration Of Tropical Dependencies: Hong Kong, British North Borneo, Sarawak, Burma, the Federated Malay States, the Straits Settlements, French Indochina, Java, the Philippine Islands" Houghton, Mifflin and Company, The University Press, Cambridge 145-159, 1905

12 Tai, Hue-Tam Ho, "The Country of Memory" University of California Press 2001

13 Bucholtz, Mary, "Text and Commentaries" Oxford University Press 2004

14 Dong Tung Thon Nu, "Tam tòng tứ đức ngày nay còn phù hợp với chị em không? (Are Three Principles and Four Virtues Suitable for Woman Today?)" (93) : 12-13, 1931

15 Dao Hoa, "Sức khôn của đàn bà có thua gì đàn ông không? (What characteristics in women's brain are inferior to men's?)" (5) : 1929

16 Nguyen Duc Nhuan, "Nữ quyền ở nước ta đã có chưa? (Do we have Feminism in Vietnam?)" (91, 92) : 1931

17 Doan Tam Dan, "Những vấn đề chị em nên bàn đến trước tiên (The Issues should be discussed by Women first)" (2) : 1930

18 Phan Khoi, "Lại nói về Tam cương với Ngũ luân (Discussing more on Three Principles and Five Constant Virtues)" (89) : 5-7, 1931

19 Phan Khoi, "Luận về phụ nữ tự sát (Discussion on Women commiting suicide)" (22) : 1929

20 Lakoff, Robin, "Language and Women’s Place" Harper & Row 1975

21 Van Chung, "Giáo dục phụ nữ có quan hệ đến tiền đồ xã hội (An Education of women is concerned the social future)" (3) : 1930

22 The Center of National Archives I (State Records Management and Archives Department of Vietnam), "Giáo dục Việt Nam thời kỳ thuộc địa, qua tài liệu và tài liệu lưu trữ 1858-1945 (Vietnamese Education in a Colonial Period through Materials and Stored Materials 1858-1945)" House of Informations and Communications 2015

23 Phan Khoi, "Gia đình ở xứ ta nay cũng đã thành ra vấn đề rồi (The Family in Vietnam has been an Problem)" (83) : 9-11, 1931

24 Whitmore, John K., "From Classical Scholarship To Confucian Belief In Vietnam" 9 : 49-65, 1987

25 Thompson, Virginia, "French Indochina" The Macmillan Company 1937

26 Pasquierm, Pierre, "Discours prononcé le 15 Octobre 1930 par M.Pierre Pasquier, Gouverneur général de I’Indochine (Grand Conseil des Interets Économiques et Financier de I’Indochine, session ordinaire de 1930)" Imprimerie d’Extrême-Orient 3-5, 1930

27 Phan Khoi, "Cái vấn đề nữ lưu giáo dục (Women’s issue in Education)" (7) : 1929

28 Slote, Walter H., "Confucianism and the Family" State University of New York Press 1998

29 Rosenlee, Li-Hsiang Lisa, "Confucianism and Women" State University of New York Press 2006

30 Shin, Doh Chun, "Confucianism and Democratization in East Asia" Cambridge University Press 2012

31 Phan Khoi, "Chữ trinh: Cái nết với cái tiết(A word Virginity:loyalty and Virtue)" (21) : 1929

32 Nguyen Thi Bach Minh, "Chế độ đa thê (The Plural Marriage)" (96) : 1931

33 Thu Linh, "Chúng ta đang khuyến khích nạn mại dâm (We have encouraged prostitution)" (35) : 1939

34 Vu Trong Phung, "Chung quanh thiên phóng sự Lục Xì: Bức thư ngỏ cho một độc giả (On a Newspaper Report Luc Xi:Prostitution and Venereal Disease in Colonial Hanoi : A opened letter to a reader)" 11 : 1937

35 Bell, Daniel A., "Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking for an East Asian Context" Princeton University Press 2006

36 Nhan Viet, "A Weak Mind, a Spiritless Energy - Women Should not Base on the Morality and the Unsound Regime to Defend for Spiritless Minds" (135) : 1932