Development of the braconid wasp Cotesia flavipes in two Crambids, Diatraea saccharalis and Eoreuma loftini: Evidence of host developmental disruption

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Cotesia flavipes is an important gregarious larval endoparasitoid of several crambid stem borers, including Diatraea saccharalis. The suitability of two crambid species, Eoreuma loftini and D. saccharalis, pests of sugarcane and rice in Texas, for C. flavipes development was tested. The effect of parasitization by C. flavipes on encapsulation response was assessed in vivo in both D. saccharalis and E. loftini. The results indicated that the parasitoid developed and emerged successfully in D. saccharalis larvae. Although E. loftini larvae were readily parasitized by C. flavipes parasitoids, no wasp larvae hatched from the eggs in this host because eggs were encapsulated by the host's hemocytes. The developmental fate of the E. loftini larvae with encapsulated parasitoids was variable. Most died as abnormal fifth instars or as post-wandering prepupae, while a few developed normally to the pupal stage. In vivo experiments, there was a significant reduction in the percent of beads encapsulated in parasitized larvae in both hosts. However, the percent of beads showing melanization decreased significantly in parasitized D. saccharalis larvae but did not differ significantly in parasitized or unparasitized E. loftini larvae. Our results showed that D. saccharalis is a suitable host for C. flavipes whereas E.
loftini is an unsuitable host. This study indicated that lepidopteran stem borers that are taxonomically,behaviorally, and ecologically very similar can differ in their ability to encapsulate a parasitoid species.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Suzuki, M., "Virus-like particles in venom of Meteorus pulchricornis induce host hemocyte apoptosis" 52 : 602-613, 2006

2 Salt, G., "The resistance of insect parasitoids to the defence reactions of their hosts" 43 : 200-232, 1968

3 Stoltz, D. B., "The polydnavirus life cycle. Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. : Parasites, 1" Academic Press 167-187, 1993

4 Lavine, M. D., "Temporal pattern of parasitism-induced immunosuppression in Manduca sexta larvae parasitized by Cotesia congregata" 42 : 41-51, 1996

5 Alleyne, M., "Suitablility of lepidopteran stem borers for parasitization by novel-association endoparasitoids" 46 : 1-23, 2001

6 Ngi-Song, A. J., "Suitability of African gramineous stemborers for development of Cotesia flavipes and C. sesamiae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)" 24 (24): 978-984, 1995

7 Reay-Jones, F. P. F., "Role of oviposition preference in an invasive crambid impacting two graminaceous host crops" 36 : 938-951, 2007

8 Reay-Jones, F. P. F., "Resistance to the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) among Louisiana and Texas sugarcane cultivars" 96 : 1929-1934, 2003

9 Cui, L., "Relationships between polydnavirus gene expression and host range of the parasitoid wasp, Campoletis sonorensis" 46 : 1397-1407, 2000

10 Overholt, W. A., "Rearing and field release methods for Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of tropical gramineous stem borers" 15 (15): 253-259, 1994

11 Beck, M., "RNA interference silences Microplitis demolitor bracovirus genes and implicates glc1.8 in disruption of adhesion in infected host cells" 30 : 52-535, 2003

12 Harwood, S. H., "Purification and characterization of an abundant polydnavirus-induced protein from the hemolymph of Manduca sexta larvae parasitized by Cotesia congregata" 24 : 685-698, 1994

13 Harwood, S. H., "Production of early-expressed parasitism-specific proteins in alternate sphingid hosts of the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata" 71 : 271-279, 1998

14 Reay-Jones, F. P. F., "Predicting economic losses from the continued spread of the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)" 101 : 237-250, 2008

15 Lavine, M. D., "Polydnaviruses, potent mediators of host insect immune dysfunction" 11 : 368-378, 1995

16 Pech, L. L., "Plasmatocytes from the moth Peudoplusia includes induce apoptosis of granular cells" 46 : 1565-1573, 2000

17 Strand, M. R., "Persistence and expression of Microplitis demolitor polydnavirus in Pseudoplusia includens" 73 : 1627-1635, 1992

18 Hu, J., "Passive evasion of encapsulation in Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a polyembryonic parasitoid of Ostrinia furnacalis Guene'e (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)" 49 : 367-375, 2003

19 Davies, D. H., "Passive evasion by eggs of braconid parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps of encapsulation in vitro by haemocytes of host Heliothis virescens. Possible role for fibrous layer in immunity" 32 : 1003-1010, 1986

20 Godfray, H. C. J., "Parasitoids, Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology" Princeton University Press 1994

21 Ngi-Song, A. J., "Parasitization of selected African stemborers by Cotesia flavipes Cameron and Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), with emphasis on host selection and host suitability" University of Ghana 1995

22 Amaya, K., "Parasitization of Manduca sexta by the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata induces an impaired host immune response" 51 : 505-512, 2005

23 Beckage, N. E., "Parasitisminduced hemolymph polypeptides in Manduca sexta (L.) larvae parasitized by the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata (Say)" 17 : 439-455, 1987

24 Shelby, K. S., "Parasitism-linked block of host plasma melanization" 75 : 218-225, 2000

25 Cai, J., "Parasitism of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) by a Pupal endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), effects of parasitization and venom on host hemocytes" 50 : 315-322, 2004

26 Mahmoud, A. M. A., "Parasitism by the endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes induces cellular immunosuppression and enhances the susceptibility of Diatraea saccharalis to Bacillus thuringenisis" 2011

27 Ibrahim, A. M. A., "Parasitism by Cotesia plutellae alters the hemocyte population and immunological function of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella" 52 : 943-950, 2006

28 Smith Jr., J.W., "Parasites of Lepidopteran Stem borers of Tropical Gramineous Plants" ICIPE Science Press 1993

29 Reay-Jones, F. P. F., "Movement of the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) through the Texas rice belt" 100 : 54-60, 2007

30 Strand, M. R., "Microplitis demolitor polydnavirus induces apoptosis of a specific haemocyte morphotype in Pseudoplusia includens" 76 : 283-291, 1995

31 Legaspi, J. C., "Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, its history and control" 49 : 53-64, 1997

32 Teramoto, T., "Mechanism of reduction in the number of the circulating hemocytes in the Pseudaletia separata host parasitized by Cotesia kariyai" 50 : 1103-1111, 2004

33 Luckhart, S., "Interaction of a wasp ovarian protein and polydnavirus in host immune suppression" 20 : 1-21, 1996

34 Reay-Jones, F. P. F., "Integrated tactics for managing the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) in sugarcane" 34 : 1558-1565, 2005

35 Rowley, A. F., "Insects, In Invertebrate Blood Cells" Academic Press 471-490, 1981

36 Schmidt, O., "Insect immune recognition and suppression, In Insect Immunology" Elsevier Academic Press 271-294, 2007

37 Lavine, M. D., "Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity" 32 : 1295-1309, 2002

38 Stoltz, D. B., "Inhibition of host phenoloxidase activity by parasitoid Hymenoptera" 39 : 1022-1024, 1983

39 Showler, A. T., "Influence of drought stress on Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) oviposition preference in sugarcane" 29 : 415-421, 2010

40 Pruissjers, A. J., "Infection by a symbiotic polydnavirus induces wasting and inhibits metamorphosis of the moth Pseudoplusia includens" 212 : 2998-3006, 2009

41 Strand, M. R., "Immunological basis for compatibility in parasitoid–host relationships" 40 : 31-56, 1995

42 Rodríguez-Pérez, M. A., "Host refractoriness of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, to the braconid endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes" 60 : 159-171, 2005

43 Bae, S., "Host physiological changes due to parasitism of a braconid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella" ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC 138 : 39-44, 2004

44 Beckage, N. E., "Host hemolymph monophenoloxidase activity in parasitized Manduca sexta larvae and evidence for inhibition by a wasp polydnavirus" 20 : 285-294, 1990

45 Asgari, S., "Host haemocyte inactivation by an insect parasitoid, transient expression of a polydnavirus gene" 77 : 2653-2662, 1996

46 Lackie, A. M., "Haemocyte behavior" 21 : 85-177, 1988

47 Pech, L. L., "Granular cells are required for encapsulation of foreign targets by insect haemocytes" 109 : 2053-2060, 1996

48 Beck, M., "Glc1.8 from Microplitis demolitor bracovirus induces a loss of adhesion and phagocytosis in insect high-five and S2 cells" 79 : 1861-1870, 2005

49 Pennacchio, F., "Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic Hymenoptera" 51 : 233-258, 2006

50 Pech, L. L., "Encapsulation in the insect Pseudoplusia includes (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) requires cooperation between granular cells and plasmatocytes" 109 : 2053-2060, 1996

51 Alleyne, M., "Encapsulation and total hemocyte numbers in three lepidopteran stem borers parasitized by Cotesia flavipes-complex endoparasitoids" 100 : 279-293, 2001

52 Lovallo, N., "Effects of the polydnavirus of Cotesia congregata on the immune system and development of non-habitual hosts of the parasitoid" 48 : 517-526, 2002

53 Overholt, W. A., "Ecological considerations of the introduction of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) for biological control of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), in Africa" 15 (15): 19-24N, 1994

54 Dushay, M. S., "Dose-dependent separation of Cotesia congregataassociated polydnavirus effects on Manduca sexta larval development and immunity" 39 : 1029-1040, 1993

55 Beckage, N. E., "Development of the solitary braconid endoparasitoid Cotesia marginiventris in the sphingid host, Manduca sexta" 83 : 253-256, 2003

56 Beckage, N. E., "Development of the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata in a semi-permissive noctuid host, Trichoplusia ni" 81 : 49-52, 2002

57 Buron, I. D., "Characterization of a polidnavirus (PDV) and virus-like filamentous particle (VLFP) in the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)" 59 : 315-327, 1992

58 Beckage, N. E., "Characterization and biological effects of Cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco horn worm, Manduca sexta" 26 : 165-195, 1994

59 Salvador, G., "Changes in the hemolymph and fat body metabolites of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) parasitized by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)" 45 : 103-110, 2008

60 Asgari, S., "A polydnavirus-encoded protein of an endoparasitoid wasp is an immune suppressor" 78 : 3061-3070, 1997