Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible mushrooms (raw, grilled and fried) using MSPE‑GC/MS method: a risk assessment study

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of PAHs and health risk in edible mushrooms using magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Based on the results, the concentration of total PAHs was in the range from 0.82 to 6.25 μg/kg (with the means of 3.85 ± 0.24 μg/ kg). In this study, acenaphthylene (Ace) had the maximum mean level in mushroom samples (0.84 ± 0.19 μg/kg) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), acenaphthene (Ac), phenanthrene (Pa), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), fluoranthene (Fl), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP) and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BgP) had minimum mean level (nondetected).
The highest mean values of total PAHs (4.88 ± 0.30 μg/kg) was detected in grilled mushroom samples and lowest mean of total PAHs (2.77 ± 0.04 μg/kg) was detected in raw mushroom samples. The concentration of contamination in edible mushrooms was raw < fried > grilled, respectively. Furthermore, heat map visualization was applied to evaluate the relationship between the quantity and type of 16 PAHs in edible mushroom samples. Ultimately, the incremental lifetime cancer risk in edible mushrooms for adults and children was 6.85E-08 and 3.47E-07, respectively, which was lower than the acceptable risk limit ( 10–6) and all of the edible mushrooms sold in Tehran were considered safe for consumers.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Ge D, "Water stability of zeolite imidazolate framework 8 and application to porous membrane-protected micro-solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples" 1218 : 8490-8495, 2011

2 Nasrollahpour A, "Vortex-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction using ionic liquid-modifed metalorganic frameworks of PAHs from environmental water, vegetable, and fruit juice samples" 10 : 2815-2826, 2017

3 Cheung P, "The nutritional and health benefts of mushrooms" 35 : 292-299, 2010

4 Karami H, "The concentration and probabilistic health risk of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)in edible mushrooms(wild and cultivated)samples collected from diferent cities of Iran" 199 : 389-400, 2021

5 Karami H, "The concentration and probabilistic health risk of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)in edible mushrooms(wild and cultivated)samples collected from diferent cities of Iran" 199 : 389-400, 2021

6 Nabi Shariatifar, "The concentration and health risk assessment of trace elements in commercial soft drinks from Iran marketed" Informa UK Limited 1-15, 2020

7 Maleki A, "Synthesis of dihydroquinazolinone and octahydroquinazolinone and benzimidazoloquinazolinone derivatives catalyzed by an efcient magnetically recoverable GO-based nanocomposite" 25 : 1789-1796, 2018

8 Tani A, "Study of trace contaminant accumulated in closed system—measurement of trace contaminant generated in the closed chamber in which lettuce and shiitake mushroom are cultivated" 33 : 151-154, 1995

9 Chen S, "Simultaneous separation and determination of six arsenic species in Shiitake(Lentinus edodes)mushrooms : method development and applications" 262 : 134-141, 2018

10 USEPA, "Risk assessment guidance for superfund: part A P F C P, risk assessment, vol 3" DUEPA 1989

11 Jinadasa BKKK, "Review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in fsh and fsheries products; a Sri Lankan perspective" 27 : 20663-20674, 2020

12 G. Tuteja, "Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Leafy and Underground Vegetables: A Case Study Around Panipat City, Haryana, India" Science Alert 4 (4): 611-620, 2011

13 Waqas M, "Quantifcation of PAHs and health risk via ingestion of vegetable in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan" 497 : 448-458, 2014

14 Amin Kiani, "Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Baby Food and Milk Powder Using ICP-OES Method" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2021

15 Ashraf MW, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in vegetables and fruits produced in Saudi Arabia" 88 : 543-547, 2012

16 Orecchio S, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in cofee brew samples : analytical method by GC–MS, profle, levels and sources" 47 : 819-826, 2009

17 Paris A, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables : Origin, analysis, and occurrence" 234 : 96-106, 2018

18 Igbiri S, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible mushrooms from Niger Delta, Nigeria : carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment" 18 : 437-, 2017

19 Gorji MEH, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Iranian kebabs" 60 : 57-63, 2016

20 Camargo MCR, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian vegetables and fruits" 14 : 49-53, 2003

21 Singh L, "PAHs, diet and cancer prevention : cooking process driven-strategies" 99 : 487-506, 2020

22 Maleki A, "One-pot three-component synthesis of pyrido [2′, 1′ : 2, 3]imidazo [4, 5-c] isoquinolines using Fe3O4@SiO2–OSO3H as an efcient heterogeneous nanocatalyst" 4 : 64169-64173, 2014

23 Maleki A, "One-pot multicomponent synthesis of diazepine derivatives using terminal alkynes in the presence of silica-supported superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles" 54 : 2055-2059, 2013

24 Moazzen M, "Multiwalled carbon nanotubes modifed with iron oxide and silver nanoparticles(MWCNT-Fe3O4/Ag)as a novel adsorbent for determining PAEs in carbonated soft drinks using magnetic SPE-GC/MS method" 12 : 476-488, 2019

25 Kiani A, "Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and probabilistic health risk assessment in yogurt and butter in Iran" 9 : 2114-2128, 2021

26 Kiani A, "Method development for determination of migrated phthalate acid esters from polyethylene terephthalate(PET)packaging into traditional Iranian drinking beverage(Doogh)samples : a novel approach of MSPEGC/MS technique" 25 : 12728-12738, 2018

27 Rezaei H, "Measurement of phthalate acid esters in non-alcoholic malt beverages by MSPE-GC/MS method in Tehran city : chemometrics" 10 : 1-11, 2021

28 Chhetri K, "Management of contaminant mycofora of oyster mushroom(var-Pleurotus forida)with botanicals and GRAS chemicals" 7 : 1972-1978, 2018

29 Moazzen M, "Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat samples" 115 : 957-965, 2013

30 Reyes-Gallardo EM, "Magnetic nanoparticles-nylon 6 composite for the dispersive micro solid phase extraction of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples" 1345 : 43-49, 2014

31 Amiri A, "Magnetic nanoparticles modifed with polyfuran for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prior to their determination by gas chromatography" 183 : 149-156, 2016

32 Naing NN, "Magnetic micro-solid-phase-extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water" 1440 : 23-30, 2016

33 Maleki A, "Magnetic dextrin nanobiomaterial : an organic-inorganic hybrid catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active polyhydroquinoline derivatives by asymmetric Hantzsch reaction" 109 : 110502-, 2020

34 Abou-Arab A, "Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHS)in some Egyptian vegetables and fruits and their infuences by some treatments" 3 : 277-293, 2014

35 Shariatifar N, "Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and milk powder samples and their likely risk assessment in Iranian population" 85 : 103331-, 2020

36 Kiani A, "Investigating the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Doogh" 29 : 10-23, 2019

37 Rescigno A, "Identifcation and discrimination between some contaminant enzyme activities in commercial preparations of mushroom tyrosinase" 41 : 620-627, 2007

38 Calogero Di Bella, "Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure Assessment" Frontiers Media SA 8 : 2020

39 Sultana MS, "Health risk assessment for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal exposures from vegetables and fruits of Bangladesh" 3 : 1291107-, 2017

40 Maghsoudi S, "HP-SPME of volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water using multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated on a steel fber through electrophoretic deposition" 75 : 913-921, 2012

41 Maleki A, "Green oxidation protocol : selective conversions of alcohols and alkenes to aldehydes, ketones and epoxides by using a new multiwall carbon nanotube-based hybrid nanocatalyst via ultrasound irradiation" 40 : 460-464, 2018

42 Maleki A, "Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2-OSO3H : an efcient hierarchical nanocatalyst for the organic quinazolines syntheses" 24 : 1481-1496, 2017

43 Kouhpayeh A, "Extraction and determination of phthalate esters(PAEs)in Doogh" 26 : 257-267, 2017

44 Zhu Y, "Evaluation of PAHs in edible parts of vegetables and their human health risks in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, China : A multimedia modeling approach" 773 : 145076-, 2021

45 Valverde ME, "Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life" 2015

46 Maleki A, "Eco-friendly functionalization of magnetic halloysite nanotube with SO3H for synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones" 259 : 46-53, 2018

47 Wan K, "Distribution characteristics of PAHs in vegetables of typical city in Pearl River Delta : a case study of Dongguan City" 41 : 583-587, 2009

48 Jafarabadi AR, "Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from coral reef fsh in the Persian Gulf—human health risk assessment" 329 : 127035-, 2020

49 Guo L, "Development of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based micro-solid-phase extraction for the determination of trace levels of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples" 1218 : 9321-9327, 2011

50 Huang Y, "Development of micro-solid phase extraction with titanate nanotube array modifed by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for sensitive determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples" 193 : 82-89, 2011

51 Lei F-F, "Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables by headspace SPME-GC" 74 : 99-107, 2011

52 Dobaradaran S, "Determination of phthalates in bottled milk by a modifed nano adsorbent : presence, efects of fat and storage time, and implications for human health" 159 : 105516-, 2020

53 Moazzen M, "Determination of phthalate acid esters(PAEs)in carbonated soft drinks with MSPE/GC–MS method" 37 : 319-326, 2018

54 Ma J, "Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples by solidphase extraction using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry" 1217 : 5462-5469, 2010

55 Alomirah H, "Concentrations and dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from grilled and smoked foods" 22 : 2028-2035, 2011

56 Roudbari A, "Concentration and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial tea and cofee samples marketed in Iran" 28 : 4827-4839, 2021

57 Nakalembe I, "Comparative nutrient composition of selected wild edible mushrooms from two agro-ecological zones, Uganda" 4 : 1-15, 2015

58 Lee Y-N, "Chemical analysis techniques and investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit, vegetables and meats and their products" 277 : 156-161, 2019

59 Antoine JM, "Assessment of the potential health risks associated with the aluminium, arsenic, cadmium and lead content in selected fruits and vegetables grown in Jamaica" 4 : 181-187, 2017

60 Ahmadloo M, "Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls concentration in egg using GC-MS method" 28 : 69-81, 2019

61 Maleki A, "Adsorbent materials based on a geopolymer paste for dye removal from aqueous solutions" 13 : 3017-3025, 2020

62 Maleki A, "A green, porous and ecofriendly magnetic geopolymer adsorbent for heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions" 215 : 1233-1245, 2019