Review of the Nomenclature of the Retaining Ligaments of the Cheek: Frequently Confused Terminology

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Since the time of its inception within facial anatomy, wide variability in the terminology as well as the location and extent of retaining ligaments has resulted in confusion over nomenclature. Confusion over nomenclature also arises with regard to the subcutaneous ligamentous attachments, and in the anatomic location and extent described, particularly for zygomatic and masseteric ligaments. Certain historical terms—McGregor’s patch, the platysma auricular ligament, parotid cutaneous ligament, platysma auricular fascia, temporoparotid fasica (Lore’s fascia), anterior platysma-cutaneous ligament, and platysma cutaneous ligament—delineate retaining ligaments of related anatomic structures that have been conceptualized in various ways. Confusion around the masseteric cutaneous ligaments arises from inconsistencies in their reported locations in the literature because the size and location of the parotid gland varies so much, and this affects the relationship between the parotid gland and the fascia of the masseter muscle. For the zygomatic ligaments, there is disagreement over how far they extend, with descriptions varying over whether they extend medially beyond the zygomaticus minor muscle. Even the ‘main’ zygomatic ligament’s denotation may vary depending on which subcutaneous plane is used as a reference for naming it. Recent popularity in procedures using threads or injectables has required not only an accurate understanding of the nomenclature of retaining ligaments, but also of their location and extent. The authors have here summarized each retaining ligament with a survey of the different nomenclature that has been introduced by different authors within the most commonly cited published papers.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Rossell-Perry P, "The zygomatic ligament of the face: a critical review" 1 : 3-, 2013

2 Rohrich RJ, "The retaining system of the face : histologic evaluation of the septal boundaries of the subcutaneous fat compartments" 121 : 1804-1809, 2008

3 Furnas DW, "The retaining ligaments of the cheek" 83 : 11-16, 1989

4 Stuzin JM, "The relationship of the superficial and deep facial fascias : relevance to rhytidectomy and aging" 89 : 441-449, 1992

5 Reece EM, "The mandibular septum: anatomical observations of the jowls in aging-implications for facial rejuvenation" 121 : 1414-1420, 2008

6 Kaye BL, "The extended face-lift with ancillary procedures" 6 : 335-346, 1981

7 Doumit G, "Surgical anatomy relevant to the transpalpebral subperiosteal elevation of the midface" 35 : 353-358, 2015

8 Mendelson BC, "Surgical anatomy of the midcheek and malar mounds" 110 : 885-896, 2002

9 Mendelson BC, "Surgical anatomy of the lower face : the premasseter space, the jowl, and the labiomandibular fold" 32 : 185-195, 2008

10 Moss CJ, "Surgical anatomy of the ligamentous attachments in the temple and periorbital regions" 105 : 1475-1490, 2000

11 Bosse JP, "Surgical anatomy of the SMAS at the malar region" McGraw-Hill 348-349, 1987

12 Mendelson BC, "Surgery of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system: principles of release, vectors, and fixation" 109 : 824-825, 2002

13 Furnas DW, "Strategies for nasolabial levitation" 22 : 265-278, 1995

14 Fogli AL, "Skin and platysma muscle anchoring" 32 : 531-541, 2008

15 Mendelson BC, "SMAS fixation to the facial skeleton : rationale and results" 100 : 1834-1842, 1997

16 Alghoul M, "Retaining ligaments of the face: review of anatomy and clinical applications" 33 : 769-782, 2013

17 Alghoul M, "Retaining ligaments of the face" 2012

18 Alghoul M, "Relationship of the zygomatic facial nerve to the retaining ligaments of the face: the Sub-SMAS danger zone" 131 : 245e-252e, 2013

19 Labbe D, "Platysma suspension and platysmaplasty during neck lift : anatomical study and analysis of 30 cases" 117 : 2001-2007, 2006

20 Neligan P, "Plastic surgery. Vol. 2" Saunders Elsevier 2013

21 Owsley J, "Operative Surgery" Butterworth 1986

22 Botti G, "Midface and neck aesthetic plastic surgery. Vol 1" Acta Medica Edizioni 2012

23 O’Brien JX, "Lore’s fascia and the platysma-auricular ligament are distinct structures" 65 : e241-e245, 2012

24 Standring S, "Gray’s anatomy" Elsevier 1084-1086, 2005

25 Upile T, "Further anatomical approaches to parotid surgery" 267 : 793-800, 2010

26 Upile T, "Further anatomical approaches to parotid surgery" 267 : 793-800, 2010

27 Hodgkinson DJ, "Five-year experience with modified Fogli(Lore’s fascia fixation)platysmaplasty" 36 : 28-40, 2012

28 McGregor M., "Face lift techniques" 1959

29 Warren RJ, "Face lift" 128 : 747e-764e, 2011

30 Mendelson BC, "Extended sub-SMAS dissection and cheek elevation" 22 : 325-339, 1995

31 Stuzin JM, "Extended SMAS dissection as an approach to midface rejuvenation" 22 : 295-311, 1995

32 Owsley JQ, "Elevation of the malar fat pad superficial to the orbicularis oculi muscle for correction of prominent nasolabial folds" 22 : 279-293, 1995

33 Furnas DW, "Deep face-lifting techniques" Thieme Medical 221-, 1994

34 Hamra ST, "Composite rhytidectomy" 90 : 1-13, 1992

35 Bae JH, "Clinical implications of the extension of platysmal fibers on the middle and lower face" 138 : 365-371, 2016

36 Hamra ST, "Building the Composite Face Lift: A Personal Odyssey" 138 : 85-96, 2016

37 Hwang K, "Anatomy of tympanoparotid fascia relating to neck lift" 19 : 648-651, 2008

38 Hwang K, "Anatomy and tensile strength of the zygomatic ligament" 22 : 1831-1833, 2011

39 Ozdemir R, "Anatomicohistologic study of the retaining ligaments of the face and use in face lift : retaining ligament correction and SMAS plication" 110 : 1134-1149, 2002

40 Ozdemir R, "Anatomicohistologic study of the retaining ligaments of the face and use in face lift : retaining ligament correction and SMAS plication" 110 : 1134-1147, 2002

41 Lore JM, "An Atlas of head and neck surgery" Saunders 1973

42 Mendelon B., "Aesthetic Plastic Surgery" Saunders Elsevier 2009