CO₂-assisted hydrothermal reactions for ginseng extract

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>CO<SUB>2</SUB>-assisted hydrothermal reactions were performed for the conversion of intact ginsenosides to the more bioactive ginsenosides, (S)-Rg3, (R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5. The yields of the transformed ginsenosides and anticancer activities were compared for the three processes: conventional steaming, hydrothermal processing, and CO<SUB>2</SUB>-assisted hydrothermal processing. In the CO<SUB>2</SUB>-assisted hydrothermal process, approximately 2 times higher yields of transformed ginsenosides were obtained within 30 min compared to the steaming process, which requires autoclaving for 3 h, at the same temperature of 120 °C. These improvements were attributed to the homogeneous reaction condition and the <I>in-situ</I> generation of carbonic acid. Moreover, the CO<SUB>2</SUB>-assisted hydrothermally processed ginseng showed the highest antiproliferative effects on HT 1080 and MDA-MB-231 cells by stimulating apoptosis. Due to the higher yields of transformed ginsenosides, similar antiproliferative effects could be obtained using only 10–20% of the amounts used in previous studies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> CO<SUB>2</SUB>-assisted hydrothermal reactions were performed for intact ginsenoside conversion. </LI> <LI> Transformed ginsenoside yields were highly increased within a short time. </LI> <LI> The E<SUB>a</SUB> for the decomposition rate of intact ginsenosides was decreased by 16.7%. </LI> <LI> Apoptosis stimulation elicited anticancer effects on HT 1080 and MDA-MB-231 cells. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>