An arabinogalactan isolated from <i>Boswellia carterii</i>: Purification, structural elucidation and macrophage stimulation via NF-κB and MAPK pathways

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Polysaccharides from <I>Boswellia carterii</I> were isolated using hot water and fractionated on a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate their structural characteristics and macrophage stimulating capacities. Crude and fractionated polysaccharides (BCF<SUB>1</SUB> and BCF<SUB>2</SUB>) were mainly consisted of different amounts of neutral sugars (63.7–83.3%) and uronic acids (6.2–22.3%). The weight average molecular weights (<I>M</I> <SUB>w</SUB>) of polysaccharides greatly varied between 295.5 and 504.7 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> g/mol. The BCF<SUB>2</SUB> was a highly active polysaccharide on RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells inducing considerable release of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. The presence of p-NF-κB, p-JNK, p-ERK and p-p38 proteins in the cytoplasm of the stimulated macrophages indicated the activation of cells via NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways which was followed after CBF<SUB>2</SUB>-macrophage interaction through TLR4 and TLR2 receptors. The most potent macrophage activating polysaccharide, BCF<SUB>2</SUB>, contained a backbone of (1 → 6)-β-galactopyranosyl units branched at C-3.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Water soluble acidic polysaccharides were isolated and purified from <I>Boswellia carterii.</I> </LI> <LI> The molecular weights of polysaccharides ranged from 295.5 to 504.7 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> g/mol. </LI> <LI> Polysaccharides exhibited notable RAW264.7 macrophage stimulating activity. </LI> <LI> Macrophages were activated through NF-κB and MAPK pathways via TLR4 and TLR2. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>