수원국 정책결정과정에서 구조조정정책의 역할과 한계: 세계은행의 탄자니아 빈곤감소지원 프로그램 사례 중심으로 = Structural Adjustment Policy and Bureaucratic Politics: Focusing on Tanzanian Experience of World Bank’s Poverty Reduction Support Credit Programs (2005~2015)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

구조조정정책은 수원국의 정책결정과정 및 환경에 있어 본래 의도한 변화를 가져오는가? 본 논문은 세계은행이 2005년부터 2015년까지 탄자니아에서 실시한 공공부문의 빈곤감소지원 프로그램 사례를 다루며, 관료정치모델에 기반한 분석틀을 활용해 관계성, 개혁수용태도 그리고 개혁결과에 걸친 단계별 분석을 시도하였다. 서구의 구조조정정책은 신자유주의 정부개혁을 표방하는 국제금융기구들의 전통적인 원조프로그램들을 포괄하는데, 국제사회의 비판 및 시대적 요청에 따라 변모한 21세기 구조조정의 역할 및 영향에 대한 재평가가 필요하다. 본 연구가 주목하는 것은 탄자니아 정부 내 관료정치 상 분권화가 ‘내부로부터의 정부개혁시도’ 그리고 ‘비서구재원의 유입’이라는 새로운 기제들로 인해 발생하였고, 이는 세계은행 구조조정정책의 도입과 실행에 주요한 영향을 미쳤다는 점이다. 전통적으로 세계은행과 탄자니아 정부는 재무부를 중심으로 안정적인 협력관계를 구축해 왔으나 2000년대 말부터 세계은행 지원에 대한 의존도를 낮추고 다른 해외재원을 확보하려는 관료들의 전술적 태도가 발생하였다. 개혁수용태도에 있어서도 ‘이중성’을 띄게 되는데 세계은행과 재무부 간의 협력구도 안에서 작성된 국가발전전략 외에 2008년 발족된 대통령 직속 국가전략위원회 중심으로 중국의 지원을 활용한 경제 인프라 구축 중심의 자체적인 국가발전전략도 수립하게 된다. 해당 구조조정 정책은 자체적으로도 실질적인 변화가 부재했을 뿐만 아니라 결국 정부 내 공공부문의 실질적 역량 향상과 부패 감소에서 가시적인 변화를 유도하지 못하였다고 평가된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article explores the dynamics of bureaucratic politics within developing countries when the structural adjustment programs (SAP) are introduced. Despite the skepticism about the efficacy of the SAPs, the neo-liberal, Western adjustment policy, in its revised forms, is still in place across the African continent. This study focuses on the Tanzanian case in terms of how its state bureaucracy responded to a series of WB-supported structural reforms and what opportunities and limitations entailed. The state elites were traditionally incentivized to have a close partnership with the Bank and the power was centralized at the Ministry of Finance. From the 2000s onwards, however, due to the growing aid inflows from China and the rise of endogenous development initiatives, the bureaucratic power became decentralized, thereby weakening the incentives of state bureaucracy for securing and implementing World Bank’s adjustment programs. Not only the decentralization within state bureaucracy but also the lack of genuine changes with the adjustment programs might have contributed to making little progress in the government performance of governance and corruption reduction throughout the implementation period.

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