Age-related inflammation and insulin resistance: a review of their intricate interdependency

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Chronic inflammation is a major risk factorunderlying aging and the associated diseases of aging; ofparticular interest is insulin resistance during aging.
Chronic inflammation impairs normal lipid accumulation,adipose tissue function, mitochondrial function, and causesendoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which lead to insulinresistance. However, some studies show that insulinresistance itself amplifies chronic inflammation. Theactivity of the insulin-dependent Akt signaling pathway ishighlighted because of its decrease in insulin-sensitiveorgans, like liver and muscle, which may underlie insulinresistance and hyperinsulinemia, and its increased levels innon-metabolic organs, such as kidney and aorta. In that theprevalence of obesity has increased substantially for all agegroups in recent years, our review summarizes the datashowing the involvement of chronic inflammation inobesity-induced insulin resistance, which perpetuatesreciprocal interactions between the chronic inflammatoryprocess and increased adiposity, thereby accelerating theaging process.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Huber, J., "chemokine receptor profiles in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue are altered in human obesity" 93 : 3215-3221, 2008

2 Howcroft, T.K., "The role of inflammation in age-related disease" 5 : 84-93, 2013

3 Goossens, G.H., "The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance" 94 : 206-218, 2008

4 Eizirik, D.L., "The role for endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetes mellitus" 29 : 42-61, 2008

5 El-Atat, F.A., "The relationship between hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and progressive renal disease" 15 : 2816-2827, 2004

6 Anderson, D.H., "The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: hypothesis revisited" 29 : 95-112, 2010

7 Ozawa, K., "The endoplasmic reticulum chaperone improves insulin resistance in type 2diabetes" 54 : 657-663, 2005

8 Mokdad, A.H., "The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States" 286 : 1195-1200, 2001

9 Naidoo, N., "Sleep deprivation induces the unfolded protein response in mouse cerebral cortex" 92 : 1150-1157, 2005

10 Chance, B., "Skeletal muscle energetics with PNMR : Personal views and historic perspectives" 19 : 904-926, 2006

11 Ron, D., "Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response" 8 : 519-529, 2007

12 Ferre, P., "SREBP-1c transcription factor and lipid homeostasis : Clinical perspective" 68 : 72-82, 2007

13 Hong, S.E., "Revealing system-level correlations between aging and calorie restriction using a mouse transcriptome" 32 : 15-30, 2010

14 Dinchuk, J.E., "Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase II" 378 : 406-409, 1995

15 Skurk, T., "Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion" 92 : 1023-1033, 2007

16 Giorgino, F., "Regional differences of insulin action in adipose tissue : Insights from in vivo and in vitro studies" 183 : 13-30, 2005

17 Hwang, H., "Proteomics analysis of human skeletal muscle reveals novel abnormalities in obesity and type 2 diabetes" 59 : 33-42, 2010

18 Aoki, T., "Prostaglandins and chronic inflammation" 33 : 304-311, 2012

19 Morham, S.G., "Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse" 83 : 473-482, 1995

20 Boushel, R., "Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle" 50 : 790-796, 2007

21 Mogensen, T.H., "Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses" 22 : 240-273, 2009

22 Brahimi-Horn, M.C., "Oxygen, a source of life and stress" 581 : 3582-3591, 2007

23 Yu, B.P., "Oxidative stress and vascular aging" 54 (54): S73-S80, 2001

24 Agostini, L., "NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder" 20 : 319-325, 2004

25 Szendroedi, J., "Muscle mitochondrial ATP synthesis and glucose transport/phosphorylation in type 2 diabetes" 4 : e154-, 2007

26 Chomyn, A., "MtDNA mutations in aging and apoptosis" 304 : 519-529, 2003

27 Saini, V., "Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2diabetes mellitus" 1 : 68-75, 2010

28 Chung, H.Y., "Molecular Inflammation as an Underlying Mechanism of the Aging Process and Age-related Diseases" INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R 90 (90): 830-840, 2011

29 Petersen, K.F., "Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly : possible role in insulin resistance" 300 : 1140-1142, 2003

30 Cabreiro, F., "Metformin retards aging in C. elegans by altering microbial folate and methionine metabolism" 153 : 228-239, 2013

31 Martin-Montalvo, A., "Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice" 4 : 2192-, 2013

32 Van Meer, G., "Membrane lipids : where they are and how they behave" 9 : 112-124, 2008

33 Muoio, D.M., "Mechanisms of disease : molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes" 9 : 193-205, 2008

34 Kahn, S.E., "Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes" 444 : 840-846, 2006

35 Yu, C., "Mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in muscle" 277 : 50230-50236, 2002

36 Heilbronn, L.K., "Markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism are lower in overweight and obese insulin-resistant subjects" 92 : 1467-1473, 2007

37 Olefsky, J.M., "Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance" 72 : 219-246, 2010

38 Phielix, E., "Lower intrinsic ADPstimulated mitochondrial respiration underlies in vivo mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle of male type 2 diabetic patients" 57 : 2943-2949, 2008

39 Itani, S.I., "Lipidinduced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and IkappaB-alpha" 51 : 2005-2011, 2002

40 Despres, J.P., "Is visceral obesity the cause of the metabolic syndrome?" 38 : 52-63, 2006

41 Schenk, S., "Insulin sensitivity : Modulation by nutrients and inflammation" 118 : 2992-3002, 2008

42 Ma, K.L., "Inflammatory stress exacerbates lipid accumulation in hepatic cells and fatty livers of apolipoprotein E knockout mice" 48 : 770-781, 2008

43 Tilg, H., "Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of insulin resistance" 14 : 222-231, 2008

44 Gregor, M.F., "Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity" 29 : 415-445, 2011

45 Wellen, K.E., "Inflammation, stress, and diabetes" 115 : 1111-1119, 2005

46 Zamora, R., "Inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory diseases" 6 : 347-373, 2000

47 Park, D., "Identification of the dichotomous role of age-related LCK in calorie restriction revealed by integrative analysis of cDNA microarray and interactome" SPRINGER 35 : 1045-1060, 2013

48 Wang, J.Y., "Hypoxia/Reoxygenation induces nitric oxide and TNF-alpha release from cultured microglia but not astrocytes of the rat" 50 : 127-134, 2007

49 Semenza, G.L., "HIF-1 : mediator of physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia" 1985 (1985): 1474-1480, 2000

50 Kharroubi, I., "Free fatty acids and cytokines induce pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis by different mechanisms : role of nuclear factor-kappaB and endoplasmic reticulum stress" 145 : 5087-5096, 2004

51 Griffin, M.E., "Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade" 48 : 1270-1274, 1999

52 Su,D., "FoxO1 links insulin resistance to proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta production in macrophages" 58 : 2624-2633, 2009

53 Stump, C.S., "Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts" 100 : 7996-8001, 2003

54 Prompers, J.J., "Dynamic MRS and MRI of skeletal muscle function and biomechanics" 19 : 927-953, 2006

55 Ritov, V.B., "Deficiency of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in obesity and type 2 diabetes" 54 : 8-14, 2005

56 Nuss, J.E., "Decreased enzyme activities of chaperones PDI and BiP in aged mouse livers" 365 : 355-361, 2008

57 Gustafson, B., "Cytokines promote Wnt signaling and inflammation and impair the normal differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes" 281 : 9507-9516, 2006

58 Lele, R.D., "Causation, prevention and reversal of vascular endothelial dysfunction" 55 : 643-651, 2007

59 Rabek, J.P., "Carbonylation of ER chaperone proteins in aged mouse liver" 305 : 566-572, 2003

60 Youm, Y.H., "Canonical Nlrp3 inflammasome links systemic lowgrade inflammation to functional decline in aging" 18 : 519-532, 2013

61 Goldschmidt-Clermont, P.J., "Atherosclerosis 2005 : Recent discoveries and novel hypotheses" 112 : 3348-3353, 2005

62 Brown, M.R., "An insulin-like peptide regulates egg maturation and metabolism in the mosquito Aedes aegypti" 105 : 5716-5721, 2008

63 Sepe, A., "Aging and regional differences in fat cell progenitors—A mini-review" 57 : 66-75, 2011

64 Heilbronn, L.K., "Adipose tissue macrophages, low grade inflammation and insulin resistance in human obesity" 14 : 1225-1230, 2008

65 Hosogai, N., "Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation" 56 : 901-911, 2007

66 Yu, B.P., "Adaptive mechanisms to oxidative stress during aging" 127 : 436-443, 2006

67 Borradaile, N.M., "A critical role for eukaryotic elongation factor 1A-1 in lipotoxic cell death" 17 : 770-778, 2006

68 Hirosumi, J., "A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance" 420 : 333-336, 2002