Effects of radiofrequency exposure emitted from a GSM mobile phone on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of neural stem cells

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Due to the importance of neural stem cells (NSCs) in plasticity of the nervous system and treating neurodegenerative diseases, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted from a GSM 900-MHz mobile phone with different exposure duration on proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of adult murine NSCs in vitro. We used neurosphere assay to evaluate NSCs proliferation, and immunofluorescence assay of neural cell markers to examine NSCs differentiation. We also employed alamarBlue and caspase 3 apoptosis assays to assess harmful effects of mobile phone on NSCs. Our results showed that the number and size of resulting neurospheres and also the percentage of cells differentiated into neurons decreased significantly with increasing exposure duration to GSM 900-MHz radiofrequency (RF)-electromagnetic field (EMF). In contrast, exposure to GSM 900-MHz RF-EMF at different durations did not influence cell viability and apoptosis of NSCs and also their astrocytic differentiation. It is concluded that accumulating dose of GSM 900-MHz RF-EMF might have devastating effects on NSCs proliferation and neurogenesis requiring more causations in terms of using mobile devices.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Abbasnia K, "The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells" 48 : 104-113, 2015

2 Sonmez OF, "Purkinje cell number decreases in the adult female rat cerebellum following exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field" 1356 : 95-101, 2010

3 Azari H, "Purifying immature neurons from differentiating neural stem cell progeny using a simple shaking method" 4 : 178-, 2014

4 Yagita Y, "Postischemic exercise decreases neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus" 409 : 24-29, 2006

5 Joubert V, "No apoptosis is induced in rat cortical neurons exposed to GSM phone fields" 28 : 115-121, 2007

6 Zhang S, "Neuroprotection against cobalt chloride-induced cell apoptosis of primary cultured cortical neurons by salidroside" 354 : 161-170, 2011

7 Salford LG, "Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones" 111 : 881-883, 2003

8 Azari H, "Isolation and expansion of the adult mouse neural stem cells using the neurosphere assay" (45) : e2393-, 2010

9 Mortazavi SM, "Induction of apoptosis by 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from a GSM mobile phone simulator in bystander Jurkat cells" 13 : 181-186, 2015

10 Mortazavi S, "Increased radioresistance to lethal doses of gamma rays in mice and rats after exposure to microwave radiation emitted by a GSM mobile phone simulator" 11 : 281-292, 2013

11 Azari H, "In vitro models for neurogenesis" 8 : a021279-, 2016

12 Wickman G, "How apoptotic cells aid in the removal of their own cold dead bodies" 19 : 735-742, 2012

13 Utsugi C, "Hard-diet feeding recovers neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and olfactory functions of mice impaired by soft-diet feeding" 9 : e97309-, 2014

14 Reynolds BA, "Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system" 255 : 1707-1710, 1992

15 Piacentini R, "Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields promote in vitro neurogenesis via upregulation of Ca(v)1-channel activity" 215 : 129-139, 2008

16 Cuccurazzu B, "Exposure to extremely low-frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic fields enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis in C57BL/6 mice" 226 : 173-182, 2010

17 Liu YX, "Exposure to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA electromagnetic fields affects the apoptosis of astrocytes via caspase-3-dependent pathway" 7 : e42332-, 2012

18 Chen C, "Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation impairs neurite outgrowth of embryonic neural stem cells" 4 : 5103-, 2014

19 Abdanipour A, "Evaluation of lovastatin effects on expression of anti-apoptotic Nrf2 and PGC-1alpha genes in neural stem cells treated with hydrogen peroxide" 49 : 1364-1372, 2014

20 Leone L, "Epigenetic modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields" 49 : 1472-1486, 2014

21 Nikolova T, "Electromagnetic fields affect transcript levels of apoptosis-related genes in embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells" 19 : 1686-1688, 2005

22 Sherafat MA, "Electromagnetic field stimulation potentiates endogenous myelin repair by recruiting subventricular neural stem cells in an experimental model of white matter demyelination" 48 : 144-153, 2012

23 Odaci E, "Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study" 1238 : 224-229, 2008

24 Lee TH, "Effects of ADHD therapeutic agents, methylphenidate and atomoxetine, on hippocampal neurogenesis in the adolescent mouse dentate gyrus" 524 : 84-88, 2012

25 Masuda H, "Effects of 915 MHz electromagnetic-field radiation in TEM cell on the blood-brain barrier and neurons in the rat brain" 172 : 66-73, 2009

26 Mori H, "Effect of neurosphere size on the growth rate of human neural stem/progenitor cells" 84 : 1682-1691, 2006

27 Kazemi E, "Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation on the induction of ROS in human peripheral blood mononuclear Cells" 5 : 105-114, 2015

28 Feychting M, "EMF and health" 26 : 165-189, 2005

29 Bas O, "Chronic prenatal exposure to the 900 megahertz electromagnetic field induces pyramidal cell loss in the hippocampus of newborn rats" 25 : 377-384, 2009

30 Moulder JE, "Cell phones and cancer: what is the evidence for a connection?" 151 : 513-531, 1999

31 Hamedi A, "Alyssum homolocarpum seeds: phytochemical analysis and effects of the seed oil on neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation" 69 : 387-396, 2015

32 Abrous DN, "Adult neurogenesis: from precursors to network and physiology" 85 : 523-569, 2005

33 Mausset-Bonnefont AL, "Acute exposure to GSM 900-MHz electromagnetic fields induces glial reactivity and biochemical modifications in the rat brain" 17 : 445-454, 2004

34 Bergami M, "A critical period for experience-dependent remodeling of adult-born neuron connectivity" 85 : 710-717, 2015

35 Wu S, "A 900-MHz/1.8-GHz CMOS receiver for dual-band applications" 33 : 2178-2185, 1998

36 Bas O, "900 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects qualitative and quantitative features of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the adult female rat" 1265 : 178-185, 2009