History and Evolution of the Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is a popular surgical technique for lumbar arthrodesis, widely considered to hold great efficacy while conferring an impressive safety profile through the minimization of soft tissue damage. This elegant approach to lumbar stabilization is the byproduct of several innovations throughout the past century. In 1934, Mixter and Barr’s paper in the New England Journal of Medicine elucidated the role of disc herniation in spinal instability and radiculopathy, prompting surgeons to explore new approaches and instruments to access the disc space. In 1944, Briggs and Milligan published their novel technique, the posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), involving continuous removal of vertebral bone chips and replacement of the disc with a round bone peg. The following decades witnessed several PLIF modifications, including the addition of long pedicle screws. In 1982, Harms and Rolinger sought to redefine the posterior corridor by approaching the disc space through the intervertebral foramen, establishing the transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). In the 1990s, lumbar spine surgery experienced a paradigm shift, with surgeons placing increased emphasis on tissuesparing minimally invasive techniques. Spurred by this revolution, Foley and Lefkowitz published the novel MIS-TLIF technique in 2002. The MIS-TLIF has demonstrated comparable surgical outcomes to the TLIF, with an improved safety profile. Here, we present a view into the history of the posterior-approach treatment of the discogenic radiculopathy, culminating in the MIS-TLIF. Additionally, we evaluate the hallmark characteristics, technical variability, and reported outcomes of the modern MIS-TLIF and take a brief look at technologies that may define the future MIS-TLIF.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Choi UY, "Unilateral versus bilateral percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion" 35 : E11-, 2013

2 Xiao YX, "Unilateral transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : a review of the technique, indications and graft materials" 37 : 908-917, 2009

3 Lo WC, "Understanding the future prospects of synergizing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery with ceramics and regenerative cellular therapies" 22 : 3638-, 2021

4 Oppenheim H, "Ueber Einklemmung bzw. Strangulation der Cauda equina" 35 : 697-700, 1909

5 Nolte MT, "Transition to outpatient minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion" 13907-, 2020

6 Rezk EMA, "Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(TLIF)versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion(PLIF)in the treatment of single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis" 34 : 1-8, 2019

7 de Kunder SL, "Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(TLIF)versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion(PLIF)in lumbar spondylolisthesis : a systematic review and meta-analysis" 17 : 1712-1721, 2017

8 Fenton-White HA, "Trailblazing : the historical development of the posterior lumbar interbody fusion(PLIF)" 21 : 1528-1541, 2021

9 Seaman S, "Titanium vs. polyetheretherketone(PEEK)interbody fusion : Meta-analysis and review of the literature" 44 : 23-29, 2017

10 Cloward RB, "The treatment of ruptured lumbar intervertebral discs by vertebral body fusion" 10 : 154-168, 1953

11 Cloward RB, "The treatment of ruptured lumbar intervertebral disc by vertebral body fusion. III. Method of use of banked bone" 136 : 987-992, 1952

12 Wiltse LL, "The paraspinal sacrospinalis-splitting approach to the lumbar spine" 50 : 919-926, 1968

13 Goldthwait JE, "The lumbo-sacral articulation; an explanation of many cases of"lumbago, ""sciatica"and paraplegia" 164 : 365-372, 1911

14 Rantanen J, "The lumbar multifidus muscle five years after surgery for a lumbar intervertebral disc herniation" 18 : 568-574, 1993

15 Chaudhary K, "The history behind the discovery of root tension signs and the invention of the lumbar discectomy surgery" 11 : 121-126, 2021

16 Yoon JW, "The evolution of minimally invasive spine surgery : JNSPG 75th Anniversary Invited Review Article" 30 : 149-158, 2019

17 Styf JR, "The effects of external compression by three different retractors on pressure in the erector spine muscles during and after posterior lumbar spine surgery in humans" 23 : 354-358, 1998

18 Harrington PR, "Spinal instrumentation in the treatment of severe progressive spondylolisthesis" (117) : 157-163, 1976

19 Jacob KC, "Single-level minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion versus anterior lumbar interbody fusion with posterior instrumentation at L5/S1" 157 : e111-e122, 2022

20 Gejo R, "Serial changes in trunk muscle performance after posterior lumbar surgery" 24 : 1023-1028, 1999

21 Steffee AD, "Segmental spine plates with pedicle screw fixation. A new internal fixation device for disorders of the lumbar and thoracolumbar spine" (203) : 45-53, 1986

22 Mixter WJ, "Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal" 211 : 210-215, 1934

23 Vo CD, "Robotic spine surgery : current state in minimally invasive surgery" 10 (10): 34S-40S, 2020

24 Lin MC, "Robot-guided versus freehand fluoroscopy-guided minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : a single-institution, observational, casecontrol study" 52 : E9-, 2022

25 Cui GY, "Robot-assisted minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis" 13 : 1960-1968, 2021

26 Michael Faloon ; Nikhil Sahai, Conor J. Dunn ; Kimona Issa ; Daniel Thibaudeau ; Kumar Sinha ; Ki Soo Hwang, "Risk Factors for Pseudarthrosis in Minimally- Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion" 대한척추외과학회 12 (12): 830-838, 2018

27 Carlson BB, "Restoration of lumbar lordosis after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : a systematic review" 19 : 951-958, 2019

28 Kumar A, "Radiation exposure in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : the effect of the learning curve" 13 : 39-45, 2019

29 Klingler JH, "Radiation exposure in minimally invasive lumbar fusion surgery : a randomized controlled trial comparing conventional fluoroscopy and 3D fluoroscopy-based navigation" 46 : 1-8, 2021

30 Kambin P, "Posterolateral percutaneous suctionexcision of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Report of interim results" (207) : 37-43, 1986

31 Cloward RB, "Posterior lumbar interbody fusion" Thomas 58-71, 1982

32 Goldstein CL, "Perioperative outcomes and adverse events of minimally invasive versus open posterior lumbar fusion : meta-analysis and systematic review" 24 : 416-427, 2016

33 Kambin P, "Percutaneous posterolateral discectomy. Anatomy and mechanism" (223) : 145-154, 1987

34 Canseco JA, "PEEK versus titanium static interbody cages : a comparison of 1-year clinical and radiographic outcomes for 1-level TLIFs" 34 : E483-E493, 2021

35 Veraguth O, "Neurologische skizzen" 59 : 154-158, 1929

36 Kocher T, "Mitteilungen aus den Grenzgebieten der Medizin und Chirurgie" Fischer 1896

37 Qin R, "Minimally invasive versus traditional open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis : a retrospective study" 10 : 21851-, 2020

38 Miller LE, "Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for singlelevel degenerative disease : a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 133 : 358-365, 2020

39 Hu W, "Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar fusion : a systematic review of complications" 40 : 1883-1890, 2016

40 Phani Kiran S, "Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion-a narrative review on the present status" 22 : 101592-, 2021

41 Schwender JD, "Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(TLIF) : technical feasibility and initial results" 18 (18): S1-S6, 2005

42 Garg B, "Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(MI-TLIF) : a review of indications, technique, results and complications" 10 (10): S156-S162, 2019

43 Hawasli AH, "Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with expandable versus static interbody devices : radiographic assessment of sagittal segmental and pelvic parameters" 43 : E10-, 2017

44 Russo AJ, "Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with expandable articulating interbody spacers significantly improves radiographic outcomes compared to static interbody spacers" 7 : 300-309, 2021

45 Choi WS, "Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion using banana-shaped and straight cages : radiological and clinical results from a prospective randomized clinical trial" 82 : 289-298, 2018

46 Foley KT, "Minimally invasive lumbar fusion" 28 (28): S26-S35, 2003

47 Perez-Cruet MJ, "Microendoscopic lumbar discectomy : technical note" 51 (51): S129-S136, 2002

48 Smith MM, "Microendoscopic discectomy : surgical technique and initial clinical results" 99 : S105-, 1997

49 Foley KT, "Microendoscopic discectomy" 3 : 301-307, 1997

50 Smith MM, "Micro endoscopic discectomy(MED) : the first 100 cases" 43 : 701-, 1998

51 Brantigan JW, "Lumbar interbody fusion using the Brantigan I/F cage for posterior lumbar interbody fusion and the variable pedicle screw placement system : two-year results from a Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption clinical trial" 25 : 1437-1446, 2000

52 Mobbs RJ, "Lumbar interbody fusion : techniques, indications and comparison of interbody fusion options including PLIF, TLIF, MI-TLIF, OLIF/ATP, LLIF and ALIF" 1 : 2-18, 2015

53 de Kunder SL, "Lumbar interbody fusion : a historical overview and a future perspective" 43 : 1161-1168, 2018

54 Robertson PA, "Lordosis recreation in transforaminal and posterior lumbar interbody fusion : a cadaveric study of the influence of surgical bone resection and cage angle" 43 : E1350-E1357, 2018

55 Dandy WE, "Loose cartilage from intervertebral disk simulating tumor of the spinal cord" 19 : 660-672, 1929

56 Chih-Chang Chang, "Long-term radiographic outcomes of expandable versus static cages in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion" Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG) 34 (34): 471-480, 2021

57 Stienen MN, "Little-known Swiss contributions to the description, diagnosis, and surgery of lumbar disc disease before the Mixter and Barr era : historical vignette" 19 : 767-773, 2013

58 Sharif S, "Learning curve and minimally invasive spine surgery" 119 : 472-478, 2018

59 Obenchain TG, "Laparoscopic lumbar discectomy : case report" 1 : 145-149, 1991

60 Fanous AA, "Kambin’s triangle : definition and new classification schema" 32 : 390-398, 2019

61 Mark B, "Kabins JNW. The history of vertebral screw and pedicle screw fixation" 11 : 127-, 1991

62 McGirt MJ, "Is the use of minimally invasive fusion technologies associated with improved outcomes after elective interbody lumbar fusion? Analysis of a nationwide prospective patient-reported outcomes registry" 17 : 922-932, 2017

63 Rickert M, "Interkorporelle Fusionsverfahren an der Wirbelsäule" 44 : 104-113, 2015

64 Rice JW, "Improvement of segmental lordosis in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : a comparison of two techniques" 6 : 229-233, 2016

65 Parisien RC, "Historical perspective William Jason Mixter (1880-1958): ushering in the “Dynasty of the Disc.”" 23 : 2363-2366, 1998

66 Seng C, "Five-year outcomes of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion" 38 : 2049-2055, 2013

67 Harms JG, "Die posteriore, lumbale, interkorporelle fusion in unilateraler transforaminaler technik" 10 : 90-102, 1998

68 Lener S, "Defining the MIS-TLIF : a systematic review of techniques and technologies used by surgeons worldwide" 10 (10): 151S-167S, 2020

69 Weinstein JS, "Dandy’S disc" 65 : 201-205, 2009

70 Phan K, "Cost-utility of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : systematic review and economic evaluation" 24 : 2503-2513, 2015

71 Wang J, "Comparison of the clinical outcome in overweight or obese patients after minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion" 27 : 202-206, 2014

72 Lau D, "Comparison of perioperative outcomes following open versus minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in obese patients" 35 : E10-, 2013

73 Kim CH, "Comparison of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal interbody lumbar fusion" 10 (10): 143S-150S, 2020

74 Li Y, "Comparison of long-term efficacy of MIS-TLIF intraoperative implants in patients with osteoporosis" 2022 : 2565391-, 2022

75 Mayer TG, "Comparison of CT scan muscle measurements and isokinetic trunk strength in postoperative patients" 14 : 33-36, 1989

76 Katuch V, "Comparison between posterior lumbar interbody fusion and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the management of lumbar spondylolisthesis" 122 : 653-656, 2021

77 Lan T, "Comparison between posterior lumbar interbody fusion and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases : a systematic review and meta-analysis" 112 : 86-93, 2018

78 Goldstein CL, "Comparative effectiveness and economic evaluations of open versus minimally invasive posterior or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : a systematic review" 41 (41): S74-S89, 2016

79 Chou D, "Commentary: expandable cage technology-transforaminal, anterior, and lateral lumbar interbody fusion" 21 (21): S83-S84, 2021

80 Ohrt-Nissen S, "Clinical and patient-reported outcomes after posterior versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion-a propensity score-matched cohort study on 422 patients with 2-year follow-up" 47 : 180-185, 2022

81 Molina CA, "Clinical accuracy, technical precision, and workflow of the first in human use of an augmented-reality head-mounted display stereotactic navigation system for spine surgery" 20 : 300-309, 2021

82 김영백 ; 현승재, "Clinical Applications of the TubularRetractor on Spinal Disorders" 대한신경외과학회 42 (42): 245-250, 2007

83 Briggs H, "Chip fusion of the low back following exploration of the spinal canal" 26 : 125-130, 1944

84 Anand N, "Cantilever TLIF with structural allograft and RhBMP2 for correction and maintenance of segmental sagittal lordosis : long-term clinical, radiographic, and functional outcome" 31 : E748-E753, 2006

85 Jamshidi AM, "Augmented reality assisted endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion:2-dimensional operative video" 21 : E563-E564, 2021

86 Grelat M, "Assessment of the surgeon radiation exposure during a minimally invasive TLIF : comparison between fluoroscopy and O-arm system" 61 : 255-259, 2015

87 Alvi MA, "Assessing the difference in clinical and radiologic outcomes between expandable cage and nonexpandable cage among patients undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion : a systematic review and meta-analysis" 127 : 596-606, 2019

88 Kambin P, "Arthroscopic microdiskectomy" 58 : 159-164, 1991

89 Han N, "Anterior longitudinal ligament release from a posterior approach : an alternative to three-column osteotomy" 2022

90 Uwe Platz, "Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) or Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) for Fusion Surgery in L5/S1 – What Is the Best Way to Restore a physiological Alignment?" Georg Thieme Verlag KG 160 (160): 646-656, 2021

91 Foley KT, "Advances in minimally invasive spine surgery" 49 : 499-517, 2002

92 Ringel F, "Accuracy of robot-assisted placement of lumbar and sacral pedicle screws : a prospective randomized comparison to conventional freehand screw implantation" 37 : E496-E501, 2012

93 Lin PM, "A technical modification of Cloward’s posterior lumbar interbody fusion" 1 : 118-124, 1977

94 Weiss H, "A systematic review of complications following minimally invasive spine surgery including transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion" 12 : 328-339, 2019

95 Singh K, "A perioperative cost analysis comparing single-level minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion" 14 : 1694-1701, 2014

96 Harms J, "A one-stager procedure in operative treatment of spondylolistheses : dorsal traction-reposition and anterior fusion(author’s transl)" 120 : 343-347, 1982

97 Boucher HH, "A method of spinal fusion" 41 (41): 248-259, 1959

98 Teng I, "A meta-analysis comparing ALIF, PLIF, TLIF and LLIF" 44 : 11-17, 2017

99 Camilo A. Molina, "A cadaveric precision and accuracy analysis of augmented reality–mediated percutaneous pedicle implant insertion" Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG) 34 (34): 316-324, 2021