대학생용 계층차별주의 태도 척도 개발 및 타당화

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 사회경제적 계층에 대한 고정관념과 편견을 측정하는 한국판 대학생용 계층차별주의 태도 척도를 개발하고 타당화하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 연구 1에서는 관련 문헌, 대학생들 대상으로 한 개방형 설문지 자료를 수정된 합의적 질적 연구 방법으로 분석한 결과 및 전문가 자문을 토대로 주요 구인과 초기예비문항을 제작한 후 440명의 대학생을 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석과 신뢰도 분석을 실시하였다. 다음으로 연구 2에서는 400명의 대학생을 대상으로 총 14문항에 대해 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 그 결과 연구 1에서 도출된 상향 계층차별주의 태도와 하향 계층차별주의 태도의 2개 요인이 자료에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증 결과, 높은 수준의 검사-재검사 신뢰도와 더불어, 연령, 주관적 계층, 정당한 세상에 대한 일반적인 믿음, 부정 정서(우울, 불안), 적대감과의 유의미한 상관관계를 통해 준거타당도가 확인되었다. 또한, 연령, 주관적 계층, 가정의 총수입, 및 정당한 세상에 대한 일반적 믿음 외에 K-CAS가 추가적으로 부정정서(우울, 불안) 변량의 5%를 설명하여 증분타당도도 확인되었다. 본 연구는 향후 국내에서 계층차별주의 관련 개입 및 예방 연구 및 프로그램 개발 등에 활용 할 수 있는 도구를 개발하고 타당화하였다는 점에서 주요 시사점이 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Korean version of the Classism Attitude Scale for college students (K-CAS) that measures stereotypes and prejudices about socioeconomic class(SES). In study 1, preliminary items were developed through reviewing classism related theories and literatures, analyzing qualitative data by using Consensus Qualitative Method-modified(CQR-M) and getting experts’ consultation. With 440 college students data, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted with 14 items in study 1. In study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis and validity analysis were conducted with 400 college students. As a result, two factor structures, upper classism attitude and downward classism attitude, were confirmed. With the higher level of test-retest reliability, the criterion validity was confirmed by the significant correlations among age, subjective SES, the general belief in a just world, negative affects (depression and anxiety), hostility, and K-CAS. The incremental validity was also confirmed that K-CAS scores significantly accounted for 5% of total variation in scores of negative affects(depression and anxiety) in addition to the variables, such as age, subjective SES, house income, and the general belief in the just world. The result of this study is significant in that the developed and validated K-CAS in this study can be a useful tool for further research and prevention and intervention program development related to classism.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 요약
• Abstract
• 1. 서론
• 2. 연구 1
• 3. 연구 2
• 4. 논의
• 5. 결론
• References

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김은하, "한국판 대학상담센터용 정신건강 평가 척도(Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms) 타당화 연구" 한국상담학회 18 (18): 21-39, 2017

2 김은하, "한국어판 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음 척도 (Belief in a Just World Scale: K-BJWS)의 타당화" 한국상담심리학회 29 (29): 689-710, 2017

3 김은하, "정당한 세상에 대한 개인적인 믿음이 일반 성인들의 우울 증상에 미치는 영향: 내외통제성을 통한 공동체의식의 조절된 매개효과" 한국상담학회 18 (18): 1-22, 2017

4 변상우, "사회계층에 대한 재조명: 심리학에서 개념화 및 측정을 중심으로" 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 24 (24): 101-130, 2018

5 윤형호, "부의 대물림?가계소득과 사교육이 자녀소득에 미치는 영향" 한국정부학회 21 (21): 49-67, 2009

6 김현숙, "대학생의 진로스트레스와 심리적 안녕감의 관계에서 불확실성에 대한 감내력 부족의 매개효과" 한국청소년학회 21 (21): 449-467, 2014

7 이미경, "대학생의 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족이 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향: 일 자유의지와 일희망의 매개효과를 중심으로" 한국진로교육학회 29 (29): 141-159, 2016

8 Suniya S. Luthar, "“I can, therefore I must”: Fragility in the upper-middle classes" Cambridge University Press (CUP) 25 (25): 1529-1549, 2013

9 J. Kim, "Writing Manuscript by using Structural Equation Modeling Analysis" Communicationbooks 2009

10 W. Ng, "What matters to the rich and the poor? Subjective well-being, financial satisfaction, and postmaterialist needs across the world" 107 : 326-338, 2014

11 David L. Blustein, "Voices of the forgotten half: The role of social class in the school-to-work transition." American Psychological Association (APA) 49 (49): 311-323, 2002

12 B. G. Tabachnick, "Using multivariate statistics" Pearson 2001

13 Patrick J. Curran, "The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis." American Psychological Association (APA) 1 (1): 16-29, 1996

14 Richard G. Wilkinson, "The problems of relative deprivation: Why some societies do better than others" Elsevier BV 65 (65): 1965-1978, 2007

15 B. G. Kim, "The neologisms that college students frequently use this year are gold spoon and hellchosun"

16 W. M. Liu, "The intersection of race, class, and gender in counseling psychology" Sage Publications 127-170, 2001

17 Edward E Jones, "The attribution of attitudes" Elsevier BV 3 (3): 1-24, 1967

18 Raymond B. Cattell, "The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors" Informa UK Limited 1 (1): 245-276, 1966

19 Isaac M. Lipkusa, "The Importance of Distinguishing the Belief in a Just World for Self Versus for Others: Implications for Psychological Well-Being" SAGE Publications 22 (22): 666-677, 2016

20 Henry F. Kaiser, "The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis" SAGE Publications 20 (20): 141-151, 2016

21 V. Lorant, "Socioeconomic inequalities in depression:A meta-analysis" 157 : 98-112, 2003

22 W. M. Liu, "Social class and classism in the helping professions: Research, theory, and practice" SAGE 4135-, 2011

23 B. Reichle, "Responses to victimizations and belief in a just world" Plenum Press 55-64, 1998

24 American Psychological Association, "Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status" American Psychological Association 2007

25 Nancy E. Adler, "Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women." American Psychological Association (APA) 19 (19): 586-592, 2000

26 R. Clark, "Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model" 54 : 805-816, 1999

27 Lee, H. K., "Psychological Maturation of High School Graduates" 56 : 145-164, 1986

28 T. Lucas, "Procedural and distributive justice beliefs for self and others" 32 : 14-25, 2011

29 R. B. Kline, "Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling" Guilford 2016

30 Shannon K. McCoy, "Priming meritocracy and the psychological justification of inequality" Elsevier BV 43 (43): 341-351, 2007

31 D. DeSteno, "Prejudice from thin air: The effect of emotion on automatic intergroup attitudes" 15 : 319-324, 2004

32 Audrey M. W. Simons, "Perceived classism and its relation with socioeconomic status, health, health behaviours and perceived inferiority: the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 62 (62): 433-440, 2017

33 Blake A. Allan, "Outcomes of social class and classism in first- and continuing-generation college students." American Psychological Association (APA) 63 (63): 487-496, 2016

34 C. J. Kim, "Only born in gold-spoon makes individual happy? Depressed South Korea"

35 Randy E. Patterson, "Multidimensional perfectionism, depression and relational health in women with eating disturbances" Elsevier BV 13 (13): 226-232, 2012

36 Sheila M. Sparks, "Modification of the Diagnostic Content Validity Model" Wiley 5 (5): 31-35, 1994

37 Sarah E. Johnson, "Middle class and marginal? Socioeconomic status, stigma, and self-regulation at an elite university." American Psychological Association (APA) 100 (100): 838-852, 2011

38 Anthony G. Greenwald, "Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test." American Psychological Association (APA) 74 (74): 1464-1480, 1998

39 Allison C. Aosved, "Measuring Sexism, Racism, Sexual Prejudice, Ageism, Classism, and Religious Intolerance: The Intolerant Schema Measure" Wiley 39 (39): 2321-2354, 2009

40 M. A. Pett, "Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research" SAGE 4135-, 2003

41 Y. Kim, "Korean version of gender Egalitarianism scale" 42 : 1-158, 1999

42 Robbie M. Sutton, "Justice for all, or just for me? More evidence of the importance of the self-other distinction in just-world beliefs" Elsevier BV 39 (39): 637-645, 2005

43 Todd Lucas, "Just world beliefs, perceived stress, and health behavior: The impact of a procedurally just world∗" Informa UK Limited 23 (23): 849-865, 2008

44 Michael R. Stevenson, "Is Homophobia a Weapon of Sexism?" SAGE Publications 4 (4): 1-8, 2016

45 Patricia Hill Collins, "Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas" Annual Reviews 41 (41): 1-20, 2015

46 S. T. Fiske, "Interpersonal stratification: Status, power, and subordination" John Wiley & Sons 2010

47 Stephen N. Haynes, "Incremental Validity of New Clinical Assessment Measures." American Psychological Association (APA) 15 (15): 456-466, 2003

48 Tobias Greitemeyer, "Increasing wealth inequality may increase interpersonal hostility: The relationship between personal relative deprivation and aggression" Informa UK Limited 157 (157): 766-776, 2017

49 Kathryn L. Fletcher, "FURTHER EVIDENCE ON THE “COSTS OF PRIVILEGE”: PERFECTIONISM IN HIGH-ACHIEVING YOUTH AT SOCIOECONOMIC EXTREMES" Wiley 51 (51): 913-930, 2014

50 R. W. Baker, "Exploratory intervention with a scale measuring adjustment to college" 33 : 31-38, 1986

51 F. J. Ninivaggi, "Envy theory: Perspectives on the psychology of envy" Rowman &Littlefield 2010

52 Virginia Thomas, "Does Class Matter? The Centrality and Meaning of Social Class Identity in Emerging Adulthood" Informa UK Limited 14 (14): 195-213, 2014

53 Benjamin D. Locke, "Development of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62)." American Psychological Association (APA) 58 (58): 97-109, 2011

54 Alexander J. Colbow, "Development of the Classism Attitudinal Profile (CAP)." American Psychological Association (APA) 63 (63): 571-585, 2016

55 Mindi N. Thompson, "Development and Exploration of the Experiences With Classism Scale" SAGE Publications 21 (21): 139-158, 2013

56 Li‐tze Hu, "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives" Informa UK Limited 6 (6): 1-55, 1999

57 P. T. Spangler, "Consensual qualitative research: A practical resource for investigating social science phenomena" American Psychological Association 269-283, 2012

58 Allison C. Aosved, "Co-occurrence of Rape Myth Acceptance, Sexism, Racism, Homophobia, Ageism, Classism, and Religious Intolerance" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 55 (55): 481-492, 2006

59 M. W. Lee, "Children who are forced out into the battlefield" Sisapress 2015

60 Regina Day Langhout, "Assessing Classism in Academic Settings" Project Muse 30 (30): 145-184, 2007

61 Dai Cui, "Ambivalent Attitude of Young People in China Toward Rich Kids: Evidence from Behavioral Indices" Scientific Journal Publishers Ltd 43 (43): 1255-1264, 2015

62 W. M. Liu, "A new framework to understanding social class in counseling : The social class worldview model and modern classism theory" 32 : 95-122, 2004

63 OECD, "A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility"

64 MBC, "81%, of South Korean don’t believe a rag to riches story"