Physical chemistry

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Chapte 1 Systems, States and Processer : The Macroscopic Study of Gases and Liquids = 1
• 1.1 Systems, States and Processes = 2
• 1.2 The Behavior of Dilute Gases ; The Ideal Gas = 5
• 1.3 Mathematics and the Macroscopic State of a Simple System = 9
• 1.4 Real Gases = 15
• 1.5 Real Liquids = 19
• 1.6 The Coexistence of Phases and the Critical Point = 22
• 1.7 Microscopic States and Their Relationship to Macroscopic States = 30
• Summary = 38
• Additional Reading = 38
• Problems = 39
• Chepter 2 Work, Heat and Energy : The First Law of Thermodynamics = 43
• 2.1 Work and the State of a System = 43
• 2.2 Heat = 52
• 2.3 Internal Energy ; The First Law = 54
• 2.4 Calculation of Amounts of Heat and Energy Changes = 58
• 2.5 Enthalpy = 68
• 2.6 Calculation of Enthalpy Changes for Nonchemical Processes = 74
• 2.7 Calculation of Enthalpy Chages for a Class of Chemical Reactions = 77
• 2.8 Energy Changes of Chemical Reactions = 86
• Summary = 90
• Additional Reading = 90
• Problems = 91
• Chapter 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics : Entropy = 94
• 3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine = 98
• 3.2 The Mathematical Statement of the Second Law ; Entropy = 102
• 3.3 The Calcualtion of Entropy Changes = 110
• 3.4 Statistical Entropy = 119
• 3.5 The Third Law Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropies = 129
• Summary = 129
• Additional Reading = 129
• Problems = 130
• Chapter 4 The Thermodynamics of Real Systems = 133
• 4.1 Criteria for Spontaneous Processes and for Equilibrium ; The Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies = 133
• 4.2 Fundamental Relations for Closed Simple Systems = 139
• 4.3 Gibbs Energy Calculations = 144
• 4.4 The Description of Multicomponent and Open Systems = 148
• 4.5 Additional Useful Thermodynamic Identities = 153
• 4.6 Euler's Theorem and the Gibbs-Duhem Relation = 157
• Summary = 164
• Problems = 165
• Chapter 5 Phase Equilibrium = 168
• 5.1 The Fundamental Fact of Phase Equilibrium = 168
• 5.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule = 171
• 5.3 Phase Equilibria in a One-Component System = 176
• 5.4 The Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions = 181
• 5.5 Surface Structure and Thermodynamics = 188
• 5.6 Surfaces in Multicomponent Systems = 195
• Summary = 199
• Additional Reading = 199
• Problems = 200
• Chapter 6 Multicomponent Systems = 203
• 6.1 Ideal Solutions = 203
• 6.2 Henry's LAw and Ideally Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions = 213
• 6.3 The Activity and the Description o General Systems = 220
• 6.4 Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions = 237
• 6.5 Phase Diagrams for Nonideal Miztures = 237
• 6.6 Colligative Properties = 249
• Summary = 254
• Additional Reading = 255
• Problems = 256
• Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium = 261
• 7.1 Gibbs Energy Changes and the Equilibria of Chemical Rections. The Equilibrium Constant = 261
• 7.2 Reactions Involving Gases and Pure Substances = 266
• 7.3 Chemical Equilibrium in Solution = 269
• 7.4 Equilibria in Solution of Strong Electrolytes = 271
• 7.5 Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations = 276
• 7.6 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Equilibrium Contants ; The Principle of Le Ch$$\hat a$$telier = 281
• 7.7 Chemical Reactions and Biological Systems = 286
• Summary = 290
• Problems = 291
• Chapter 8 The Themodynamics of Electrochemical Systems = 295
• 8.1 The Chemical Potential and the Electric Potential = 295
• 8.2 Electrochemical Cells at Equilibrium = 298
• 8.3 Half-Cell Potentials and Cell Potentials = 305
• 8.4 The Determination of Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes = 313
• 8.5 Thermodynamic Information from Electrochemistry = 319
• Summary = 321
• Additional Reading = 322
• Problems = 322
• Chapter 9 Principles of Quantum Mechanics : I. The Schr$$\ddot o$$dinger Equation = 325
• 9.1 Classical Mechanics = 325
• 9.2 Properties of Waves in Classical Mechanics = 331
• 9.3 The Old Quantum Theory = 345
• 9.4 De Broglie Waves and the Schr$\ddot o$dinger Equation = 355
• 9.5 The Particle in a Box ; The Free Particle = 364
• 9.6 The Harmonic Oscillator = 375
• Summary = 380
• Additional Reading = 381
• Problems = 382
• Chapter 10 The Principles of Quantum Mechanics : II. The Postulates of Quantum Mechanics = 385
• 10.1 The First Two Postulates of Quantum Mechanics = 385
• 10.2 Mathematical Operators = 387
• 10.3 Postulate III. Mathematical Operators in Quantum Mechanics = 394
• 10.4 Postulate IV. Expectation Values = 397
• 10.5 Postulate V. Determining the State of a System = 415
• Summary = 418
• Additional Reading = 419
• Problems = 419
• Chapter 11 The Electronic States of Atoms : I. The Hudrogen Atom and the Simple Orbital Approximation for Multielectron Atoms = 422
• 11.1 The Central-Force Problems and the Hydrogen Atom ; Angular Momentum = 423
• 11.2 The Hydrogen-like Atom = 434
• 11.3 The Helium Atom in the "Zero-Order" Orbital Approximation = 499
• 11.4 Atoms with More Than Two Electrons = 463
• Summary = 468
• Additional Reading = 469
• Problems = 469
• Chapter 12 The Electronic States of Atoms : II. Higher-Order l Approximation for Multielectron Atoms = 471
• 12.1 The Variation Method and Its Applications to the Helium Atom = 472
• 12.2 The Perturbation Method and Its Application to the Helium Atom = 477
• 12.3 The Self-Consistent Field Method = 481
• 12.4 Excited States of the Helium Atom = 483
• 12.5 Atoms with More Than Two Electrons = 486
• Summary = 496
• Additional Reading = 497
• Problems = 497
• Chapter 13 The Electronic States of Molecules = 499
• 13.1 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation ; The Hydrogen Molecule Ion = 500
• 13.2 LCAO-MOs - Molecular Orbitals That Are Linear Combinations of Atomic Orbitals = 507
• 13.3 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules = 512
• 13.4 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules = 525
• 13.5 Polyatomic Molecules = 537
• 13.6 More Advanced Treatments of Molecular Electronic Structure = 57
• Summary = 560
• Additional Reading = 561
• Problems = 561
• Chapater 14 Translational, Rotational, and Vibrational States of Atoms and Molecules = 564
• 14.1 Translational Motions of Atoms = 565
• 14.2 The Nonelectronic States of Diatomic Molecules = 567
• 14.3 Rotation and Vibration in Polyatomic Molecules = 581
• 14.4 The Equilibrium Populations of Molecules States = 588
• Summary = 591
• Problems = 591
• Chapter 15 Spectroscopy and Photochemistry = 593
• 15.1 SPectroscopic Study of Energy Levels = 594
• 15.2 Spectra of Atoms = 603
• 15.3 Rotational and Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules = 604
• 15.4 Electronic Spectra of Diatomic Molecules = 612
• 15.5 Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules = 615
• 15.6 Fluorescence, Phosphorescence and Photochemistry = 619
• 15.7 Other Types of Spectroscopy = 625
• 15.8 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy = 636
• 15.9 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy = 650
• Summary = 654
• Additional Reading = 656
• Problems = 657
• Chapter 16 Gas Kinetic Theory : The Molecular Theory of Dilute at Equilibrium = 661
• 16.1 The Modle System for a Dilute Gas = 662
• 16.2 The Velocity Probability Distribution = 667
• 16.3 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds = 674
• 16.4 The Pressure of an Ideal Gas = 679
• 16.5 Wall Collisions and Effusion = 683
• 16.6 The Probability Distribution of Coordiantes = 685
• 16.7 Intermolecular Forces = 687
• 16.8 The Hard Sphere Gas = 690
• 16.9 The Molecular Structure of Liquids = 700
• Summary = 702
• Additional Reading = 702
• Problems = 703
• Chapter 17 Transport Processes = 708
• 17.1 The Macroscopic Description of Nonequilibrium States = 708
• 17.2 Transport Processes = 711
• 17.3 Transport Processes in the Hard Sphere Gas = 724
• 17.4 The Structure of Liquids and Transport Processes in Liquids = 730
• 17.5 Transport in Electrolyte Solutions = 376
• Summary = 743
• Additional Reading = 744
• Problems = 745
• Chapter 18 The Rates of Chemical Reactions = 748
• 18.1 The Macroscopic Description of Chemically Reaction Systems = 748
• 18.2 Forward Reactions with One Reactant = 751
• 18.3 Forward Reactions with More than One Reactant = 760
• 18.4 Inclusion of a Reverse Reaction ; Chemical Equilibrium = 764
• 18.5 Consecutive Reactions = 767
• 18.6 The Expermental Study of Fast Reactions = 770
• Summary = 776
• Additional Reading = 777
• Problems = 778
• Chapter 19 Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions = 781
• 19.1 Elementary Processes in Gases = 781
• 19.2 Elementary Reactions in Liquid Solutions = 784
• 19.3 Reaction Mechanisms and Rate Laws = 790
• 19.4 Some Additional Mechanisms, Including Chain and Photochemical Mechanisms ; Competing Mechanisms = 799
• 19.5 Catalysis = 806
• 19.6 The Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants ; The Collision Theory of Gaseous Reactions = 821
• 19.7 Experimental Molecular Study of Chemical Reactions = 828
• Summary = 834
• Additional Reading = 835
• Problems = 836
• Chapter 20 Equilibrum Statistical Mechanics = 840
• 20.1 The Quantum Statistical Mechanics of a Sample System of Four Molecules = 841
• 20.2 The Probability Distribution for a Dilute Gas = 846
• 20.3 The Probability Destribution and the Molecular Parition Function = 851
• 20.4 The Calculation of Molecular Partition Functions = 859
• 20.5 Calculations of Thermodynamic Functions of Dilute Gases = 869
• 20.6 Chemical Equilibirium in Dilute Gases = 881
• 20.7 The Canonical Ensemble = 884
• 20.8 Classical Statistical Mechanics = 893
• Summary = 901
• Additional Reading = 903
• Problems = 904
• Chapter 21 Theories of Nonequilibrium Processes = 907
• 21.1 Theories of Chemical Reactions = 907
• 21.2 The Molecular Case History of a Chemical Reaction = 918
• 21.3 Theories of Transport in Fluid Systems = 920
• 21.4 Nonequilibrium Electrochemistry = 927
• 21.5 Electrical Conductivity in Solids = 941
• 21.6 Oscillatory Chemical Reactions and Chemical Chaos = 945
• Summary = 952
• Additional Reading = 952
• Problems = 953
• Chapter 22 The Structure of Condensed Phases = 956
• 22.1 General Features of Solids and Liquids = 956
• 22.2 Crystals = 959
• 22.3 Crystal Vibrations = 967
• 22.4 The Electronic Structure of Solids = 975
• 22.5 The Structure of Liquids = 984
• 22.6 Polymer Formation and Conformation = 993
• 227. Rubber Elasticity = 1002
• 22.8 Polymers in Solution = 1007
• Summery = 1010
• Additional Reading = 1010
• Problems = 1012
• Appendixes
• Appendix A Tables of Numerical Data = A1
• Appendix B Calculus with Several Variables = A26
• Appendix C A Short Table of Intagrals = A35
• Appendix D Classical Mechanics = A38
• Appendix E Euler's Theorem = A43
• Appendix F Special Mathenatical Functions Occurring in Energy Eigenfunctions = A44
• Appendix G Symbols Used in this Book = A48
• Answers to Numerical Exerciese and Selected Problems = A57
• Index = A73