인도네시아 보로부두르의 밀교적 성격 재고 = A Reassessment of the Esoteric Buddhist Elements in Borobudur

국문 초록 (Abstract)

보로부두르는 욕계(欲界), 색계(色界), 무색계(無色界)에 이르는 불교의 우주관을 집대성한 조형물이다. 보로부두르에 온 순례자들은 보로부두르 각 층을 오른쪽으로 돌면서 진리를 찾는 선재동자의 여행을 스스로 재현하고 체험하게 된다. 8-9세기 인도네시아의 건축 기술과 이를 뒷받침하는 수학, 공학, 건설 기술, 예술적 능력을 어떻게 집대성했는가를 잘 보여주는 보로부두르를 건설할 수 있는 지식과 기술은 짧은 기간에 습득될 수 있는 것이 아니다. 그러므로 기존에 알려진 대로 샤일렌드라 왕조의 힘만이 아니라 산자야 계통의 후원과 협력으로 건축되었을 것으로 보인다. 탑도 아니고 사원도 아닌 구조이므로 밀교의 만다라로 기획되었다는 주장이 있으나 보로부두르 어디에서도 금강승 불교의 특색이 명확하게 드러나지 않는다. 만다라라기보다 샤일렌드라와 산자야 왕조의 권위를 과시하고 부조를 통해 불교 교리를 학습시키기 위해 보로부두르를 건설한 것으로 파악된다. 보로부두르는 불교가 인도네시아 중부 자바에서 어떻게 고도의 세계관을 형상화하는 능력을 구비하게 했으며, 권력의 지향에 따라 어떻게 짧은 시간에 융성할 수 있었는지를 잘 보여주는 구조물이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Borobudur is an exquisite monument in Central Java, Indonesia, that visually represents the Buddhist cosmology with the compilation of the world of the kāma-dhātu, the rūpa-dhātu, and the ārūpya-dhātu. The pilgrims who come to Borobudur will go up each terrace of Borobudur to the right, searching for the truth, and experiencing the trip of Sudhana by themselves. Borobudur indicates Indonesia's architectural technology and its supporting abilities such as mathematics, engineering, construction technology, and arts were assembled as one monument in the 8th and 9th centuries. Since the knowledge and skills that can construct a huge monument like Borobudur cannot be acquired in a short period of time, it is likely to say that the Śailendra dynasty should have gotten support and cooperation from the Sanjaya dynasty. Since it is neither a stupa nor a temple, it is argued that Borobudur was designed as a mandala of Esoteric Buddhism. However, none of the elements of Vajrayana Buddhism can be identified in Borobudur. Rather than a mandala, Borobudur must have been built to show off the authority of the Śailendra and the Sanjaya dynasties and to make people learn Buddhist doctrine through its reliefs. Borobudur shows the way of how Buddhism embodies its philosophy as a monument and how it could have flourished in a short period of time on the back of the power of the kingdom.

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