Korean NGOs in Historicizing Foreign Affairs and Decmocratizing Foreign Policies: Agenda Setting and Discourse Framing in the Dokdo/Takeshima Conflict between Korea and Japan, 2005~2008

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

While noting the importance of international economic and domestic political factors in the origins and development of the dispute between Japan and Korea over the ownership of Dokdo (called Takeshima by Japan), this paper analyzes the impact of Korean civil society on the conflict and identifies nongovernmental organizations and civic groups as critical agents of change in government policymaking and implementation. The paper focuses on: (1) the protests and demonstrations organized by civil society groups, (2) the language and discourse those groups use in official statements to the government and to the public, and (3) their interaction —both conflictive and cooperative —with political parties and the government. It is a chronological analysis that covers the period 2005-2008, during which there emerged a conspicuous shift in government posture and policy towards the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute by virtue of NGOs’ role in sensitizing the public to the issue, historicizing the state’s agenda, and democratizing the government’s foreign policies.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 장훈, "한국의 민주화와 외교정책: 위임형 외교정책결정의 등장과 구조" 극동문제연구소 23 (23): 1-32, 2007

2 Horvat, Andrew, "the Negative Legacy of the Past: Why Europe is a Positive Example for East Asia" 11 : 2004

3 "Yonhap News"

4 Cumings, Bruce, "Why Memory Lingers in East Asia" 106 : 2007

5 Betts, Richard K, "Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War" 18 : 1993

6 "Washington Post"

7 Waltz, Kenneth N, "Theory of International Politics" McGraw 1979

8 Carr, Edward H, "The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939, 2nd edition" Macmillan 1956

9 Mearsheimer, John J, "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" Norton 2001

10 Choi, Sung-jae, "The Politics of the Dokdo Issue" 5 : 2005

11 Kim, Sunhyuk, "The Politics of Democratization in Korea: the Role of Civil Society" University of Pittsburgh Press 2000

12 Launius, Michael A, "The Politics of Competing Territorial Claims to Tokdo" Seoul National University 1998

13 Kim, Samuel S, "The International Relations of Northeast Asia" Rowman and Littlefield 2003

14 Katzenstein, Peter J, "The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics" Columbia University 1996

15 Na, Hong-ju, "Study of Government’s Dokdo Policies" 2008

16 Roh, Moo-hyun, "Special Message by President Roh Moo-hyun on Korea-Japan Relations"

17 Angus Reid Global Monitor, "South Koreans Wary of Japan’s Activities"

18 "Seoul Shinmum"

19 Koo, Min Gyo, "Scramble for the Rocks: The Disputes over the Dokdo/Takeshima, Senkaku/Diaoyu, and Paracel and Spratly Islands" University of California at Berkeley 2005

20 Friedberg, Aaron L, "Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia" 18 : 1993

21 백태웅, "Rethinking historical injustice and reconciliation in Northeast Asia" Routledge 2007

22 Berger, Thomas U, "Power and Purpose in Pacific East Asia: A Constructivist Interpretation, In International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific" Columbia Press University 2003

23 Keohane, Robert O, "Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition" Little, Brown and Company 1977

24 Morgenthau, Hans J, "Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace" McGraw-Hill 1948

25 Pae, Chin-su, "Policy Implication of NGOs as an Alternative for Resolving the Historical and Territorial Disputes in the North-East Asia Region" 5 : 2005

26 "Naver News"

27 Finnemore, Martha, "National Interests in International Society" Cornell University Press 1996

28 Northeast Asian History Foundation (NAHF), "Major Activities in 2007"

29 Northeast Asian History Foundation (NAHF), "Major Activities in 2006"

30 Doyle, Michael W, "Liberalism and World Politics" 80 : 1986

31 Lee, Myung-bak, "Let Us Create a New Legacy of Success: Address by President Lee Myung-bak on the 89th March First Independence Movement Day"

32 "Kyunghyang Daily News"

33 "Korea Times"

34 "Korea Herald"

35 "Kookmin Ilbo"

36 "Joong-Ang Ilbo"

37 Cha, Victor D, "Hypotheses on History and Hate in Asia: Japan and the Korean Peninsula, In Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific" United States Institute of Peace Press 2003

38 Northeast Asian History Foundation (NAHF), "History and Events 2007"

39 "Hankyoreh Shinmun"

40 Kang, David C, "Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks" 27 : 2003

41 Dokdo Research Institute, "Events: Dokdo Research Institute Signs MOU with VANK on East Sea and Dokdo Issues"

42 Shin, Gi-Wook, "Ethnic Nationalism in Korea" Stanford University 2006

43 Copeland, Dale, "Economic Interdependence and the Future of U.S.-Chinese Relations, In International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific" Columbia Press University 2003

44 Northeast Asian History Foundation [NAHF], "Dokdo and Civil Society: Dokdo Group Activities 2006-2007"

45 Kim, T’ae-gi, "Dokdo Dispute and Korean Strategy" 4 : 2006

46 Chŏng, Pyŏng-jun, "Dokdo 1947" Dolbegae 2010

47 Putnam, Robert D, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games" 42 : 1988

48 Choi, Jang Jip, "Democracy after Democratization: The Korean Experience" Humanitas 2005

49 Koo, Hagen, "Civil Society and Democracy in South Korea" 11 : 2002

50 "Chosun Ilbo"

51 Christensen, Thomas J, "China, the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia" 23 : 1999

52 "BBC Worldwide Monitoring"

53 "BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific"

54 Lind, Jennifer, "Apologies in International Politics" Cornell University Press 2008

55 Wendt, Alexander, "Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics" 46 : 1992

56 Roh, Moo-hyun, "An Open Letter to the Nation Concerning Korea-Japan Relations"

57 Larson, Eric V, "Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes toward the U.S" RAND Corporation 2004

58 Cha, Victor D, "Alignment Despite Antagonism: The United States-Korea-Japan Security Triangle" Stanford University Press 1999

59 "Agence France-Presse"

60 Roh, Moo-hyun, "Address on the 86th March First Independence Movement Day"

61 Roh, Moo-hyun, "Address of President Roh Moo-hyun on the 87th Anniversary of March First Independence Movement Day"

62 Roh, Moo-hyun, "Address by President Roh Moo-hyun on the 61st Anniversary of National Liberation"

63 Keck, Margaret E, "Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics" Cornell University Press 1998

64 Northeast Asian History Foundation (NAHF), "About Us, History and Events 2006"

65 "About Us"

66 Chŏng, Mi-ae, "A Comparison of Civil Society between Korean and Japan" 9 : 2006

67 Hong, Il-p’yo, "A Comparative Study of Korea and Japan’s Civil Participation" 1 : 2003

68 Hara, Kimie, "50 Years from San Francisco: Re-Examining the Peace Treaty and Japan’s Territorial Problems" 74 : 2001

69 Northeast Asian History Foundation [NAHF], "2009 Evaluation Book of the Third International NGO History Forum for Peace in East Asia"