산림휴양활동을 이용한 숲치유의 실험적 접근 : 경관감상과 산책을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this research was to investigate that the experimental approach of therapeutic effect of forest recreation activities
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of forest on psychological and physiological human health and the physical quality of pleasant forest environment.

The result of field test on physiological relaxation of forest environment with 288 subjects shows that viewing and walking in forest for 15 minutes activate the parasympathetic nerve system and suppress the sympathetic nerve system significantly compared to viewing and walking in city environment. This result proves that such a short recreational activity in forest as 15-minute viewing and 15-minute walking can cure human stress and improve comfort. This result also suggests that people can reduce their stress for short amount of time in rural forest, town forest or park in the city. The study of Li et al. (2007) reported that the stressed people from city show improved immune function and activated anti-cancer protein after 2-day staying in forest. Also the improved immune function etc. lasts as long as a month (Li et al., 2008). It can be assumed that contacting nearer forest environment in daily life and taking 2-day forest therapy once a month can not only reduce stress but also improve immune function for human health.
Studies conducted so far were made with small group of subjects, but this study was conducted with 288 subjects to more objectively clarify that the activities in forest such as forest viewing and walking can be the part of forest therapy.

The result of POMS (profile of mood states) test on 168 subjects to evaluate the psychological effect of forest environment on human shows that 15-minute viewing and 15-minute walking can reduce tension and anxiety, depression, anger and hostility, fatigue and confusion feeling and improve vigor significantly compared to city environment.
The studies so far on the psychological effect of forest environment on human have concluded that the contact with forest environment improves the positive emotion and can be effective for recovering from stress. The result of this study also shows similar conclusion.
Also the result of POMS test shows that the contact with forest environment even for short period of time results in the reduction of negative feeling and raise of vigor feeling and that the short contact with city environment where we live our daily lives can cause negative feeling and lower vigor feeling. This result suggests that there needs to be forest environment in city.

The result of SD (semantic differential) method test on the impression of forest and city environment shows that the impression of forest environment is significantly more positive than that of city environment and the positive impression from forest can be summarized as enjoyable, friendly, natural and holy environment.
The measurement of physical surrounding of forest and city shows that the temperature and radiant heat was significantly lower and the relative humidity was higher in forest than those in city. And the result of PMV (predicted mean vote) test for thermal environment shows that forest environment was felt neutral and the value of PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) with thermal environment was 23.2%. The PMV of city environment at the same time was between slightly warm and warm and the value of PPD was 73.4%. These numbers show that the thermal feeling in forest environment is located in comfortable area by the standard of ISO and that thermal environment is one of the physical factors which make us feel amenity in forest.

The result of analysis the relation between psychological measurement and physical environment in order to clarify the effect of physical environment on psychological measurement shows that the first factor (enjoyable and friendly) and the second factor (natural and holy) of SD method and TMD (total mood disturbance) of POMS test have significant relation with temperature, relative humidity, radiant heat, wind speed and PPD.

The mechanism of therapeutic effects of forests can be analogized from the evolutionist's point of view. The human being has been evolved in natural environment such as forest for the most period of their existence of about 5 million years since their origin. Therefore, the organs of human are adapted for the environment of forest. The human being started city life from 200 years ago with the Industrial Revolution, but our DNA are not fully adapted for city yet. Therefore it can be said that we are living in city with body and soul suitable for forest. So when human contact with forest environment, the organs of our body and the environment respond each other to make us feel comfort. This relaxation affect the action of autonomous nervous system, endocrine system and immune system and improve our immune system in the long term. This is how the forest therapy make improvement of human health.

The limitation of this study is the personal difference among subjects. The difference of genetic characteristics or growth background among subjects can cause the different reaction from exterior stimulus. To avoid errors from personal differences the number of subject should be larger. Therefore this study was conducted with 288 male subjects in their early 20's. If there are variations of ages or sex, the number of subject from specific group will be smaller, which causes the subject group cannot represent their group. Therefore this study takes only males in their early 20's as subject to minimize the effect from personal differences. Although this study was conducted focused in specific age group, the minimized personal difference can be effective for objective result. Also it is expected that middle age person living with minor illness will obtain more effective from forest therapy than young person like the subject of this study.

The study on forest therapy will proceed to obtain larger data and to clarify the effect on various groups and to design the space or method most effective for each personal difference group by their age, sex and genetic characteristics.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 1
• Ⅱ. 숲치유 및 관련 개념의 정립 4
• 　　1. 숲치유 관련 이론 4
• 　　 1) Psycho-evolutionary Theory (PET) 4
• 　　 2) 주의회복이론 (Attention Restoration Theory; ART) 4
• 　　 3) 바이오필리아 (Biophilia) 5
• 　　2. 숲치유 관련 개념의 정의 7
• 　　 1) 보완대체의학과 통합의학 7
• 　　 2) 삼림욕 7
• 　　 3) 삼림세라피 8
• 　　4) 삼림요법 8
• 　　5) 기후요법 8
• 　　6) 지형요법 9
• 　　7) 크나이프요법 9
• 　　3. 숲치유의 개념적 위치와 공간적 위치 11
• 　　　1) 숲치유의 개념적 위치 11
• 　　　2) 숲치유의 공간적 위치 13
• 　　4. 숲치유의 정의 14
• 　　5. 숲치유 관련 연구단체 16
• 　　　1) COST: Action E39 16
• 　　　2) IUFRO: Task Force of Forest and Human Health 16
• 　　　3) 삼림세라피 소사이어티 (Forest Therapy Society) 17
• 　　　4) 삼림의학연구회 18
• 　　　5) 산림치유포럼 18
• Ⅲ. 연구사 19
• 　　1. 숲의 생리적 건강증진효과에 관한 연구 19
• 　　2. 숲의 심리적 건강증진효과에 관한 연구 21
• Ⅳ. 숲치유의 실험설계 23
• 　　1. 생리실험의 연구방법 23
• 　　　1) 연구대상지 23
• 　　　2) 피험자 25
• 　　　3) 측정지표 25
• 　　　4) 실험순서 29
• 　　2. 심리실험의 연구방법 32
• 　　　1) 연구대상지 32
• 　　　2) 피험자 32
• 　　　3) 측정지표 33
• 　　　4) 실험순서 35
• 　　3. 물리환경 측정의 연구방법 36
• 　　　1) 연구대상지 36
• 　　　2) 측정지표 36
• 　　　3) 실험순서 38
• Ⅴ. 숲치유의 실험 결과 39
• 　　1. 경관감상 실험의 생리실험 결과 39
• 　　　1) HRV (HF성분) 39
• 　　　2) HRV (LF/HF성분) 40
• 　　　3) 심박수 41
• 　　　4) 수축기 혈압 42
• 　　　5) 확장기 혈압 43
• 　　　6) 타액중 코티솔농도 44
• 　　　7) 소결 44
• 　　2. 산책 실험의 생리실험 결과 46
• 　　　1) HRV (HF성분) 46
• 　　　2) HRV (LF/HF성분) 47
• 　　　3) 심박수 48
• 　　　4) 수축기 혈압 49
• 　　　5) 확장기 혈압 50
• 　　　6) 타액중 코티솔농도 51
• 　　　7) 소결 52
• 　　3. 경관감상 및 산책실험의 심리실험 결과 53
• 　　　1) POMS 53
• 　　　2) SD법 60
• 　　　3) 소결 63
• 　　4. 물리환경 측정결과 64
• 　　　1) 온도 64
• 　　　2) 상대습도 65
• 　　　3) 복사열 66
• 　　　4) 풍속 67
• 　　　5) PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) 68
• 　　　6) PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) 69
• 　　　7) 소결 70
• 　　5. 심리측정과 물리환경과의 관계 71
• 　　　1) 심리측정과 물리환경과의 관계 71
• 　　　2) 소결 74
• Ⅵ. 숲치유의 실험적 접근에 대한 고찰 75
• 인 용 문 헌 79
• ABSTRACT 86