Mutual Consideration as a Principle for Doing Politeness

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Mutual Consideration as a Principle for Doing PolitenessE Aminudin Aziz(Indonesia University of Education)

There are various strategies used by people to show politeness in their language exchange, all of which are largely determined by the level of a speaker's perception about the potential risk of losing face resulted from his/her utterance. The provision of responses other than refusals to a request directed to a speaker at times his/her circumstances actually pressure him/her to make a refusal or refusing the request indirectly accompanied by a number of politeness markers can be regarded as examples of the speaker's strong willingness to maintain the (existing) harmony with the requester. In this paper, I will show how indirectness has become the norm for Indonesians when making refusals. This is clearly contrary to the claim made by non-Indonesians which often regard such a behavior as a sign of uncooperativeness and impoliteness. It appears that there are a number of cultural norms and values that govern their linguistic politeness behaviors which I shall formulate in a Principle of Mutual Consideration (PMC). Being a refinement to Grice's (1975) CP and to Leech's (1983) PP, PMC assumes three levels of politeness: pre-communicative politeness, on the spot politeness, and post-communicative politeness.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "toward a general model of the cultural organization of social relationships. In S.A. Tyler"

2 "the role of conventionality in indirect request. In Blum-Kulka"

3 "some universals in language usage. Cambridge" Cambridge University Press. _1987.politeness

4 "observations from Japanese. Multilingua. 2-3" 1989. Politeness and conversational universals 207-221,

5 "_ 1990. You don't touch lettuce with your fingers parental politeness in family discourse. Journal of Pragmatics" 259-288,

6 "Y. 1988. Reexamination of the universality of face:politeness phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics" 12 403-426.

7 "The language of refusals in Sundanese society a workplace case" Department of Linguistics, Monash University. 1996

8 "Takie S. 1976. Japanese patterns of behavior. Honolulu University of Hawai'i Press."

9 "Song Mei. 1993. Requesting in Putonghua:politeness" culture and forms. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Department of Linguistics monashuniversity.

10 "S. 1987. Indirectness and politeness in request:same or different? Journal of Pragmatics" 11 131-146.

11 "S. 1982. Ethnography of communicative codes in East Java. Canberra"

12 "Refusing in Indonesian strategies and politeness implications." Department of Linguistics, Monash University. Australia. 2000

13 "Realisasi tindak tutur meminta (requesting) oleh pembelajar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing dalam konteks budaya Indonesia" Indonesia University of Education. 2001

14 "R. T. 1973. The logic of politeness minding your p's and q's'. Paper from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago" -305,

15 "Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics" 14 237-257.

16 "P & S.C. Levinson. 1978. Universals in language usage politeness phenomena. In E.N. Goody strategies in social interaction" Cambridge University Press.

17 "L.R. 1994. Beyond politeness theory:'face' revisited and renewed. Journal of Pragmatics" 21 451-486.

18 "Indirectness and politeness in requesting: an analysis of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects in an Australian context" The University of Adelaide. 1996

19 "H.P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J.L. Morgan" Academic Press.

20 "G.N. 1983. Principles of pragmatics. London"

21 "Formal forms and discernment:two neglected aspects of linguistic politeness. Multilingua" 8 223-248.

22 "D. 1972. Models of the interaction of language and social life. In J.J. Gumperz & D. Hymes . Directions in sociolinguistics the ethnography of communication. NY"

23 "Acts of apologizing by students of English: a case study conducted at the Department of English Education" Indonesia University of Education 2002

24 "Acts of apologizing by students of English: a case study conducted at the Department of English Education" Indonesia University of Education 2002

25 "A. Kawasaki & T. Ogino. 1986. Universals of linguistic politeness quantitative evidence from Japanese and American English. Journal of Pragmatics" 347-371,

26 ". Oxford International Encyclopedia of linguistics" Oxford University Press. ed.