A lot of degree-holders and office-holders were produced, as the government performed the encouragement policy bestowing various kinds of degrees and titles upon the graduates and the oversea students who studied in foreign countries after examination...
A lot of degree-holders and office-holders were produced, as the government performed the encouragement policy bestowing various kinds of degrees and titles upon the graduates and the oversea students who studied in foreign countries after examinations. This policy was taken to establish the modern school system which was stipulated in the Imperial School Regulation enacted in January 1904. This essay is an analysis of the attitude of the second Jin-shi Guan students after their return from their oversea study, the graduation examination on them and the government policy. Many of the Jin-shi who graduated from Jin-shi Guan were also given Han-lin Yuan`s Pien-su or Jian-t`ao. This suggests us a necessity to make an overall review upon degree-holders and office-holders who have had a considerable influence upon Chinese society in the late Ch`ing and the early Republic era. It is not so important to know whether to have degrees or offices, but to know what kind of academic background for them to have. For the list of degree-holders and office-holders in this period includes not a few figures graduated from new school system except those who passed the state-examination. Consequently it is a nonsense to think that degree-holders or office-holders were conservative, ignorant of a modern learning, just because they held degrees or offices. It is more worthwhile to analyze what kind of academic background for the intelligent figures to have rather than to classify them according to whether they held degrees or not. This was hardly considered in the researches up to the present.