Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Diversity of Tropical Grass-legumes Silages

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Calliandra calothyrsus preserved in silage is an alternative method for improving the crude protein content of feeds for sustainable ruminant production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of silage which contained different levels of C. calothyrsus by examining the fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Silage was made in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments with three replications i.e.: R0, Pennisetum purpureum 100%; R1, P. purpureum 75%+C. calothyrsus 25%;, R2, P. purpureum 50%+C. calothyrsus 50%; R3, P. purpureum 25%+C. calothyrsus 75%; and R4, C. calothyrsus 100%. All silages were prepared using plastic jar silos (600 g) and incubated at room temperature for 30 days. Silages were analyzed for fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Increased levels of C. calothyrsus in silage had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the fermentation characteristics. The microbial diversity index decreased and activity was inhibited with increasing levels of C. calothyrsus. The microbial community indicated that there was a population of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. brevis, Lactococcus lactis, Chryseobacterium sp., and uncultured bacteria. The result confirmed that silage with a combination of grass and C. calothyrsus had good fermentation characteristics and microbial communities were dominated by L. plantarum.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Jiménez, N., "Uncovering the Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 gallate decarboxylase involved in tannin degradation" 79 : 4253-4263, 2013

2 Salawu, M. B., "The use of tannins as silage additives: effects on silage composition and mobile bag disappearance of dry matter and protein" 82 : 243-259, 1999

3 Hess, H. D., "The effects of cultivation site on forage quality of Calliandra calothyrsus var. Patulul" 68 : 209-220, 2006

4 Sonja, N. H., "The effect of inoculant and sucrose addition on the silage quality of tropical forage legumes with varying ensilability" 174 : 201-210, 2012

5 McDonald, P., "The biochemistry of silage" Chalcombe publications 1991

6 Cole, J. R., "The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis" 37 : 141-145, 2009

7 Blackwood, C. B., "Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism data analysis for quantitative comparison of microbial communities" 69 : 926-932, 2003

8 Landete, J. M., "Study of the inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds found in olive products and their degradation by Lactobacillus plantarum strains" 107 : 320-326, 2008

9 Mulrooney, C. N., "Short Communication: The effect of water temperature on the viability of silage inoculants" 91 : 236-240, 2008

10 Makkar, H. P. S., "Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage: A Laboratory Manual" Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003

11 Wanapat, M., "Performance of tropical dairy cows fed whole crop rice silage with varying levels of concentrate" 46 : 185-189, 2014

12 AOAC., "Official Methods of Analysis" Association of Official Analytical Chemists 1997

13 Gómez-Vázquez, A., "Nutritional value of sugarcane silage enriched with corn grain, urea, and minerals as feed supplement on growth performance of beef steers grazing stargrass" 43 : 215-220, 2011

14 Steurm, C. D., "Nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of tropical legume mixtures with contrasting tannin contents" 138 : 29-46, 2007

15 Sakamoto, M., "Molecular analysis of bacteria in asymptomatic and symptomatic endodontic infection" 21 : 112-122, 2006

16 Cappuccino, J. G., "Microbiology; a laboratory manual" State University of New York, Rockland Community College 2001

17 Shyu, C., "MiCA: a web-based tool for the analysis of microbial communities based on terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S and 18S rRNA genes" 53 : 562-570, 2007

18 Van Soest, P. J., "Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition" 74 : 3583-3597, 1991

19 Moss, A. R., "Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming" 49 : 231-253, 2000

20 Jayanegara, A., "Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments" 96 : 365-375, 2011

21 Magurran, A. E., "Measuring biological diversity" Blackwell Publishing 2004

22 Bodas, R., "Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites" 176 : 78-93, 2012

23 Iwamoto, K., "Identification and cloning of a gene encoding tannase (tannin acylhydrolase) from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917T" 31 : 269-277, 2008

24 Norton, B. W., "Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture" CABI publishing 177-191, 1994

25 Rodríguez, H., "Food phenolics and lactic acid bacteria" 132 : 79-90, 2009

26 Makoto Kondo, "Fermentation Characteristics, Tannin Contents and In vitro Ruminal Degradation of Green Tea and Black Tea By-products Ensiled at Different Temperatures" 아세아·태평양축산학회 27 (27): 937-945, 2014

27 Tiemann, T. T., "Effect of the tropical tannin-rich shrub legumes Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla on methane emission and nitrogen and energy balance in growing lambs" 2 : 790-799, 2008

28 Arriola, K. G., "Effect of applying inoculants with heterolactic or homolactic and heterolactic bacteria on the fermentation and quality of corn silage" 94 : 1511-1516, 2011

29 Patra, A. K., "Dietary Phytochemicals and Microbes" Spinger Sciences Business Media 237-262, 2012

30 Jayanegara, A., "Dependence of forage quality and methanogenic potential of tropical plants on their phenolic fractions as determined by principal component analysis" 163 : 231-243, 2011

31 Lynch, J. P., "Conservation characteristics of corn ears and stover ensiled with the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1, Lactobacillus plantarum 30114, or Lactobacillus buchneri 11A44" 95 : 2070-2080, 2012

32 Dubois, M., "Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances" 28 : 350-353, 1956

33 Deaville, E. R., "Chestnut and mimosa tannin silages: Effects in sheep differ for apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilisation and losses" 157 : 129-138, 2010

34 Castro-Montoya, J. M., "Chemical composition of rumen microbial fraction and fermentation parameters as affected by tannins and saponins using an in vitro rumen fermentation system" 91 : 433-448, 2011

35 Liu, W. T., "Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA" 63 : 4516-4522, 1997

36 Li, Y., "Changes in the bacterial community and composition of fermentation products during ensiling of wilted Italian ryegrass and wilted guinea grass silages" 84 : 607-612, 2013

37 Sakamoto, M., "Application of terminal RFLP analysis to characterize oral bacterial flora in saliva of healthy subjects and patients with periodontitis" 52 : 79-89, 2003

38 Kaplan, C. W., "16S ribosomal DNA terminal restriction fragment pattern analysis of bacterial communities in feces of rats fed Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM" 67 : 1935-1939, 2001