The organization of information

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Figures = xv
• Preface = xvii
• Acknowledgments = xix
• 1 ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN ENDEAVORS = 1
• Is There a Basic Human Need to Organize? = 1
• Why Do We Need to Organize? = 2
• Why Do We Need to Organize Information? = 2
• What Is Organization of Recorded Information? = 2
• How Is the Organization of Information Approached in Different Environments? = 6
• Libraries = 6
• Archives = 8
• Museums and Art Galleries = 9
• The Internet = 11
• Data Administration and Office Environments = 13
• Conclusion = 14
• Notes = 14
• Suggested Readings = 15
• Organization of Information in Libraries = 15
• Organization of Information in Archives／Manuscripts = 15
• Organization of Information in Museums／Art Galleries = 15
• Organization of Information in the Internet = 15
• Organization of Information in Data Administration = 16
• Offices = 16
• Data Modeling = 16
• 2 Retrieval Tools = 17
• Why Do We Need Retrieval Tools? = 17
• What Are the Basic Retrieval Tools, Their Formats, and Their Functions? = 18
• Bibliographies = 18
• Catalogs = 20
• Purposes of Catalogs = 21
• Forms of Catalogs = 23
• Arrangements Within Catalogs = 25
• Indexes = 27
• Finding Aids = 29
• Registers = 31
• Databases = 31
• Bibliographic Utilities = 31
• Conclusion = 33
• Notes = 33
• Suggested Readings = 34
• 3 Development of the Organization of Recorded Information In Western Civilization = 37
• Inventories, Bibliographies, Catalogs, and Codification = 37
• Antiquity = 37
• Middle Ages = 37
• European Renaissance = 40
• From Inventories to Collocating Devices = 41
• Period of Codification = 43
• Twentieth Century = 45
• Description = 45
• Subject Access = 46
• Verbal Subject Access = 46
• Classification = 47
• Special Materials = 48
• Archives = 48
• Museums and Art Galleries = 49
• Subject Access to Special Materials = 49
• Mechanization of Bibliography = 50
• The Documentation Movement = 50
• Library Automation = 52
• Conclusion = 52
• Notes = 53
• Suggested Readings = 54
• 4 Encoding Standards = 57
• How Do We Encode Records? = 57
• Why Do We Encode Records? = 58
• What Are Examples of Standards for Coding Records That Are Currently in Use? = 58
• MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloging) = 59
• USMARC = 63
• UNIMARC = 64
• SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) = 65
• DTD (Document Type Definition) = 65
• XML (Extensible Markup Language) = 73
• Warwick Framework = 73
• Conclusion = 74
• Notes = 74
• Suggested Readings = 75
• 5 Metadata : Description = 77
• What Is a Bibliographic／Surrogate／Metadata Record? = 78
• How Are Surrogate Records Created? = 78
• ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description) = 80
• Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition 1988 revision (AACR2r) = 82
• Archival APPM (Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts) Records = 85
• TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) Headers = 86
• The Dublin Core = 87
• GILS (Government Information Locator Service) Records = 89
• FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata = 93
• VRA (Visual Resources Association) Core Categories for Visual Resources = 93
• EAD (Encoded Archival Description) = 94
• Crosswalks = 95
• Index Records = 95
• On-the-Fly Records = 95
• Museum Accession Records = 97
• How Does the Environment Affect the Way a Surrogate Record Is Created? = 97
• Conclusion = 97
• Notes = 98
• Suggested Readings = 99
• 6 Metadata : Access and Access Control = 103
• Choice of Access Points = 104
• Primary Access Point = 104
• Main Entry Controversy = 106
• Justification for Main Entry = 107
• AACR2 Principles for Choosing Main Entry = 114
• Additional Access Points = 117
• Access (Authority) Control = 117
• Headings for Access Points = 119
• Principles for Choice of Personal Name = 120
• Principles for Form of Personal Name = 121
• Principles for Entry Word and Remaining Structure of Personal Name = 122
• Principles for Choice of Corporate Name = 123
• Principles for Entry Word and Form of Heading for Corporate Names = 124
• Principles for Choice of Uniform Title = 125
• Principles for Arrangement of Uniform Titles = 125
• International Access (Authority) Control = 126
• Conclusion = 128
• Notes = 128
• Suggested Readings = 129
• 7 Verbal Subject Analysis = 131
• Subject Analysis Process = 132
• Exhaustivity = 135
• identification of Concepts = 137
• Topics Used As Subject Concepts = 137
• Names Used As Subject Concepts = 140
• Chronological Elements As Subject Concepts = 141
• The Concept of Form As Subject = 142
• Translating Concepts into Index Terms = 143
• Controlled Vocabulary = 143
• Controlled Vocabulary Problems = 144
• Specific vs. General = 145
• Synonymous Concepts = 145
• Word Form for One-word Terms = 145
• Sequence and Form for Multiword Terms and Phrases = 146
• Homographs and Homophones = 147
• Qualification of Terms = 147
• Abbreviations and Acronyms = 148
• Popular vs. Technical = 148
• Subdivision of Terms = 148
• Precoordination vs. Postcoordination = 149
• General Principles for Applying Controlled Vocabulary Terms = 149
• Literary Warrant = 149
• Specific Entry = 150
• Direct Entry = 150
• Number of Terms Assigned = 151
• Concept Not in Controlled Vocabulary = 151
• Index Terms for Names = 151
• Kinds of Controlled Vocabularies = 151
• Subject Heading Lists = 152
• Thesauri = 156
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) = 158
• Ontologies = 160
• Keywords = 163
• WordNet = 164
• Conclusion = 166
• Notes = 167
• Suggested Readings = 169
• LCSH = 170
• Sears = 170
• MESH = 170
• AAT = 171
• ERIC = 171
• NLP and Ontologies = 171
• 8 Classification = 173
• Classification Theory = 174
• Classical Theory of Categories = 174
• Prototype Theory = 176
• Hierarchical, Enumerative, and Faceted Classifications = 176
• Classification Schemes = 181
• Classification Concepts = 181
• Broad vs. Close Classification = 182
• Classification of Knowledge vs. Classification of a Particular Collection = 183
• Integrity of Numbers vs. Keeping Pace with Knowledge = 184
• Fixed vs. Relative Location = 185
• Classification Concepts (continued) Closed vs. Open Stacks = 186
• Location Device vs. Collocation Device = 187
• Classification of Serials vs. Alphabetic Order of Serials = 187
• Classification of Monographic Series = 189
• Classification of the Internet = 189
• Artificial Neural Networks (ANNS) = 192
• Conclusion = 194
• Notes = 194
• Suggested Readings = 195
• Classification in General = 195
• Specific Classification Schemes = 196
• Dewey Decimal Classification = 196
• LC Classification = 197
• Universal Decimal Classification = 197
• Colon Classification = 197
• Other = 197
• Classification and the Internet = 198
• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) = 198
• 9 Arrangement and Display = 199
• Arrangement of Physical Information Packages = 199
• Libraries = 199
• Archives = 201
• Arrangement of Intangible Information Packages = 202
• Arrangement of Surrogates (Metadata) = 203
• Filing History = 203
• General Rules for Arrangement = 204
• Filing／Display Dilemmas = 206
• Conclusion = 208
• Notes = 209
• Suggested Readings = 209
• Arrangement of Information-Bearing Entities = 209
• Libraries = 209
• Archives = 210
• Internet = 210
• Arrangement of Bibliographic／Surrogate Records = 210
• 10 System Design = 211
• How Does System Design Relate to the Organization of Information? = 211
• How Can Existing Systems Be Used and Interpreted Effectively? = 212
• What Suggestions for Improving Current Systems and What New Systems Have Been Proposed for the Organization of Information? = 219
• Standard Interfaces and Z39.50 = 220
• Labels and Brief Displays = 221
• Exploitation of MARC = 222
• Browsing = 222
• Spelling Correction = 223
• Controlled Vocabulary and Classification = 223
• Conclusion = 224
• Notes = 224
• Suggested Readings = 225
• Conclusion = 227
• Notes = 228
• Appendix : Subject Analysis Application = 229
• Glossary = 233
• Index = 255