중국의 사회주의 초급단계 국가건설과 여성의 입장 = Modern Nation State Building under the Road to the First Stage socialism and Womens Situation in New China

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

After Mao Zedonos death in 1976 and the arrest of wife Jiang Qing and her political allies, Cultural Revolution policies were resoundingly rejected in every walk of life.
In December 1978, the 3rd Plenum of the Central Committee of the 11th Chinese Communist Party(CCP) Congress (11계3中全會)has made many abrupt changes. That is the economic reforms, so-called, "Four Modernizations, " and Chinas opening to the West. In October of 1987, CCP 13rd Congress revised the party policy toward the first stage socialism(初級段階社會主義路線).
There are certain differences in the party policy toward women in the 1980s from the former. These differences are by on means fundamental. It is becoming clear that the primary role that is expected of women to play in New China is that of the helper-the good wife and the devoted mother.
Under the radical new policy of the Four Modernizations, women are being told to step aside in the interest of the nation. Women are again being encouraged to give up their jobs in favor of their children and to value their roles as socialist mothers and wives. Gender hierarchy is very much alive in the China of 1980s.
Since female participation in the work-force had been a crucial component of the Marxist strategy for womens liberation, the voices of women and womens advocates in China were raised in vociferous protest of discrimination against women in hiring. Thus the resolution of the womens question in China depends upon the future success of economic modernization.
Beginning in 1978, economic reforms began to restructure the lives of women.
In the countryside, agriculture was decollectivized and production was reorganized with household as the basic unit. Peasants were encouraged to engage in sideline production, private markets were permitted, and the government raised the prices it paid for farm produce. The new polices increased womens opportunities to earn income, but also placed their labor firmly authority. Men are again likely to become structural as well as ideological patriarchs.
The state policy in the 1980s, mandated a lessening of official control over many spheres of economic planning and management. In the cities industrial enterprises were given expanded powers to hire and fire, and were made problem at the beginning of the 1980s they had a large labor pool from which to draw. Many promptly decided that they would prefer to hire men than women, who were considered unreliable workers because of their responsibilities in the home. The education system was expanded, but at the same time entrance qualifications at all levels were made more restrictive. Thus the cultural, scientific and technical, educational levels of most women were rather low, and heavy household chores still adversely affected progress and health of women.
In many respects, womens lives in 1980s China were radically improved from the situation before 1949. The most disturbing effect of the economic reforms on women was the effect on employment outside the home. What was needed was the radical steps to socialize housework and domesticate males. Divorce was on the rise in the 1980s. For it become increasingly easy to obtain because of the alienation of affection clause in the 1980s Marriage Law.
Some ugly things which has been eliminated since the founding of the New China have recurred. Crimes such as female infanticide, abuse of women, maltreatment of mothers who give birth to girl babied, and abduction and persecution of women and children have been reported from time to time.
In conclusion, we can say that as long as the social values of work are not discussed in China, and work remains to be evaluated according to the production of surplus value, that is, as long as the commodity economy remains, women will tied down in their traditionally belittled roles. In other words, women are not liberated, What we need is not lofty, empty words, for even the 1980s CCP still sustains the ideological commitment to goals of gender equality, but actions.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머릿말
• Ⅱ. 국가정책의 전환
• 1. 역사적 배경
• 2. 개혁의 방향
• 3. 사회주의 초급단계의 당의 기본노선
• Ⅲ. 여성정책 내용의 변화
• Ⅳ. 여성의 입장
• 1. 가정에서의 입장변화
• 2. 경제건설에의 참여
• 3. 정계진출 현황
• 4. 교육, 문화 방면의 수준향상
• Ⅴ. 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• Abstract