하나님의 형상과 인류의 미래 - 바울과 AI 비교 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

구글의 AI 프로그램 알파고와 이세돌의 세기적 대국 이후, 현대 사회는 4차산업혁명과 AI가 지닌 잠재성과 파급력에 크게 주목하기 시작했다. 초연결, 초통합, 그리고 초혁신으로 대변되는 4차산업혁명은 과거 3번의 산업혁명과 그 궤를 완전히 달리한다. 4차산업혁명을 구성하는 물리학, 디지털, 그리고 생물학 기술들은 각각의 영역에서 혁신적 발전을 거듭할 뿐만 아니라, 상호 긴밀하게 연결되어 엄청난 시너지 효과를 발휘하고 있기 때문이다. 이러한 시너지 효과 이면에는, 4차산업혁명의 총아인 인공지능과 빅데이터, 그리고 컴퓨터의 엄청난 연산력이 존재한다. 이제 AI가 이끄는 4차산업혁명은 인류에게 전대미문의 과학기술 유토피아를 선사할 것으로 기대된다. AI는 바이오 기술과 유전자 공학 그리고 로봇공학을 통하여, 인류로 하여금 불멸의 신-인류(Homo Deus)로 진화하게 해줄 것으로 기대된다. AI에 대한 이러한 현대적 담론은 여러 면에서 바울의 복음과 비교 가능하다. 인간의 형상을 따라 창조된 AI와 신-인류의 탄생은 하나님의 형상을 소유한 바울의 새 아담과 신인류(new race)의 창조와 매우 유사하다. AI 프로젝트와 바울의 아담 기독론적 프로젝트 모두 육체의 한계를 극복하고 불멸에 이를 것을 소망하는 인류의 바람을 반영한다. 이에 이 논문에서 우리는 인간의 형상의 청사진인 하나님의 형상 개념을 조사한 후, 4차산업혁명과 AI 그리고 불멸의 신-인류를 바울의 새 아담 예수와 부활의 몸을 소유한 신인류와 비교 분석해보고자 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

After the historic Go battle between AlphaGo and Sedol Lee, modern world was forced to pay special attention to the powerful potential of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and AI. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is completely different from the former three Industrial Revolutions due to its character of hyper-connection, hyper- integration, and hyper-revolution. Not only do the physical, digital and biological technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution experience revolutionary developments in its own area, but also do they produce enormous synergy effect through mutual influence. Behind this powerful synergy effect, there exist AI, Big Data, and powerful calculating capacity of modern computers. Now, the Fourth Industrial Revolution with the lead of AI is expected to accomplish technological utopia for humanity. AI will help humanity evolve into Homo Deus with an aid of bio technology, genetic engineering and robotics technology. In many ways, this kind of modern discussion of AI can be compared to Paul’s gospel. The creation of AI according to human image and the emergence of Homo Deus are comparable to Paul’s new Adam with God’s image and the creation of new race. Both AI project and Paul’s Adam Christological project aim at overcoming physical limit of humanity and thereby, reaching at immortality. Therefore, in this paper, after having analyzed the concept of God’s image, we will analyze and compare AI and the immortal Homo Deus with Paul’s new Adam and his new race with immortal glorious body.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 초록
• Ⅰ. 들어가는 말
• Ⅱ. 하나님의 형상
• Ⅲ. AI와 인간의 형상, 그리고 신-인류(Homo Deus)
• Ⅳ. 바울의 새 아담과 하늘의 형상, 그리고 신인류(New Race)
• Ⅴ. 나가는 말
• 참조문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김인중, "인공지능과 기독교 신앙" IVP 73-98, 2017

2 한국교회탐구센터, "인공지능과 기독교 신앙" IVP 2017

3 김성원, "유발 하라리의 호모 데우스론에 관한 분석비평 연구" 한국복음주의조직신학회 28 : 42-76, 2018

4 이승현, "바울의 아담 기독론과 새 관점" 감은사 2020

5 Craffert, Pieter F., "‘Seeing’ a Body into Being: Reflections on Scholarly Interpretations of the Nature and Reality of Jesus’ Resurrected Body" 9 (9): 89-107, 2002

6 Bird, Phyllis A., "‘Male and Female He Created Them’: Gen 1:27b in the Context of the Priestly Account of Creation" 74 (74): 129-159, 1981

7 Romanov, Andrey, "Εἷς κύριος and Ἡμεῖς in 1 Corinthians 8:6: An Investigation of the First Person Plural in Light of the Lordship of Jesus Christ" 49 (49): 47-74, 2015

8 Pao, David W., "Zondervan Exegetical Commentary Series on the New Testament" Zondervan 2012

9 Mercer, Calvin R., "Transhumanism and the Body: The World Religions Speak" Palgrave Macmillan 2014

10 Cole-Turner, Ronald, "Transhumanism and Transcendence: Christian Hope in an Age of Technological Enhancement" Georgetown University Press 2011

11 Romanov, Andrey, "Through One Lord Only: Theological Interpretation of the Meaning of Διά in 1 Cor 8,6" 96 (96): 391-415, 2015

12 Steenburg, Dave, "The Worship of Adam and Christ as the Image of God" 12 (12): 95-109, 1990

13 Dunn, James D. G., "The Theology of Paul the Apostle" W.B. Eerdmans 1998

14 Kurzweil, Ray, "The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology" Viking 2005

15 Harris, Murray J., "The Second Epistle to the Corinthians: A Commentary on the Greek Text" W. B. Eerdmans 2005

16 Barnett, Paul, "The Second Epistle to the Corinthians" W.B. Eerdmans 1997

17 Middlemas, Jill Anne, "The Prophets, the Priesthood, and the Image of God (Gen 1,26-27)" 97 (97): 321-341, 2016

18 Niskanen, Paul, "The Poetics of Adam: The Creation of ~da in the Image of ~yhla" 128 (128): 417-436, 2009

19 López, René, "The Nature of the Resurrection Body of Jesus and Believers" 170 (170): 143-153, 2013

20 Middleton, J. Richard, "The Liberating Image: The Imago Dei in Genesis 1" Brazos Press 2005

21 Clines, David J. A., "The Image of God in Man" 19 : 53-103, 1968

22 Jackelen, Antje, "The Image of God as Techno Sapiens" 37 (37): 289-302, 2002

23 Schwab, Klaus, "The Fourth Industrial Revolution" Crown Business 2016

24 Thiselton, Anthony C., "The First Epistle to the Corinthians: A Commentary on the Greek Text" W. B. Eerdmans 2000

25 Dunn, James D. G., "The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: A Commentary on the Greek Text" W.B. Eerdmans 1996

26 Keiser, Thomas A., "The Divine Plural: A Literary-Contextual Argument of Plurality in the Godhead" 34 (34): 131-146, 2009

27 김동환, "Technological Imagination of Artificial Intelligence in the Light of the Decalogue" 한국기독교사회윤리학회 (24) : 69-89, 2012

28 Schwab, Klaus, "Shaping the Future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Guide to Building a Better World" Currency 2018

29 Lambrecht, Jan, "Sacra Pagina Series" Liturgical Press 1999

30 Mercer, Calvin R., "Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement" Praeger 2015

31 Kraus, Hans-Joachim, "Psalms 1-59: A Continental Commentary" Fortress Press 1993

32 Schaefer, Konrad, "Psalms" Liturgical Press 2001

33 Campbell, Constantine R., "Paul and Union with Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study" Zondervan 2012

34 Haugeland, John, "Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence" MIT Press 1-28, 1997

35 Schüle, Andreas, "Made in the ‘Image of God’: The Concepts of Divine Images in Gen 1-3" 117 (117): 1-20, 2005

36 Crouch, Carly L., "Made in the Image of God: The Creation of ~da the Commissioning of the King and the Chaoskampf of Yhwh" 16 (16): 1-21, 2016

37 Hurtado, Larry W., "Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity" W. B. Eerdmans 2003

38 Herzfeld, Noreen L., "In Our Image: Artificial Intelligence and the Human Spirit. Theology and the Sciences" Fortress Press 2002

39 Garr, W. Randall, "In His Own Image and Likeness: Humanity, Divinity, and Monotheism" Brill 2003

40 Blackwell, Benjamin C., "Immortal Glory and the Problem of Death in Romans 3.23" 32 (32): 285-308, 2010

41 Tamatea, Laurence, "If Robots R-Us, Who Am I: Online ‘Christian’ Response to Artificial Intelligence" 9 (9): 141-160, 2008

42 Harari, Yuval N., "Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow" Harper 2017

43 Mauser, Ulrich W., "God in Human Form" 16 : 81-99, 2000

44 Crouch, Carly L., "Genesis 1:26-7 as a Statement of Humanity’s Divine Parentage" 61 (61): 1-15, 2010

45 Westermann, Claus, "Genesis 1-11: A Continental Commentary" Fortress Press 1994

46 Fossum, Jarl E., "Gen 1:26 and 2:7 in Judaism, Samaritanism, and Gnosticism" 16 (16): 202-239, 1985

47 Singler, Beth, "Existential Hope and Existential Despair in AI Apocalypticism and Transhumanism" 54 (54): 156-176, 2019

48 Osei-Bonsu, Joseph, "Does 2 Cor 5:1-10 Teach the Reception of the Resurrection Body at the Moment of Death" 9 (9): 81-101, 1986

49 Herzfeld, Noreen L., "Creating in Our Own Image: Artificial Intelligence and the Image of God" 37 (37): 303-316, 2002

50 Turing, Alan, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 49 : 433-460, 1950

51 Dunn, James D. G., "Christianity in the Making" W.B. Eerdmans 2008

52 Mercer, Calvin R., "Bodies and Persons: Theological Reflections on Transhumanism" 54 (54): 27-33, 2015

53 Peters, Ted, "Anticipating Omega: Science, Faith, and Our Ultimate Future" Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2006

54 Singler, Beth, "An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Religion for the Religious Studies Scholar" 20 (20): 215-231, 2017

55 Pate, C. Marvin, "Adam Christology as the Exegetical & Theological Substructure of 2 Corinthians 4:7-5:21" University Press of America 1991

56 김동환, "AI(인공지능)에 대한 신학적 담론의 형성 및 방향 모색" 한신신학연구소 53 (53): 35-60, 2016

57 Herring, Stephen L., "A ‘Transubstantiated’ Humanity: The Relationship between the Divine Image and the Presence of God in Genesis I 26f" 58 (58): 480-494, 2008

58 Grindheim, Sigurd, "A Theology of Glory: Paul’s Use of Δόξα Terminology in Romans" 136 (136): 451-465, 2017

59 박찬호, "4차산업혁명과 신학의 만남" 수원가톨릭대학교출판부 279-320, 2019

60 Guthrie, George H., "2 Corinthians" Baker 2015

61 Collins, C. John, "1 Corinthians 8:6 and Romans 11:36: A Pauline Confession with a Hellenistic Setting" 43 (43): 55-68, 2017