Aerosol Deposition and Behavior on Leaves in Cool-temperate Deciduous Forests. Part 3: Estimation of Fog Deposition onto Cool-temperate Deciduous Forest by the Inferential Method

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Fog deposition onto the cool-temperate deciduous forest around Lake Mashu in northern Japan was estimated by the inferential method using the parameterizations of deposition velocity and liquid water content of fog (LWC). Two parameterizations of fog deposition velocity derived from field experiments in Europe and numerical simulations using a detailed multi-layer atmosphere-vegetation-soil model were tested. The empirical function between horizontal visibility (VIS) and LWC was applied to produce hourly LWC as an input data for the inferential method.
Weekly mean LWC computed from VIS had a good correlation with LWC sampled by an active string-fog collector. By considering the enhancement of fog deposition due to the edge effect, fog deposition calculated by the inferential method using two parameterizations of deposition velocity agreed with that computed from throughfall data. The results indicated that the inferential method using the current parameterizations of deposition velocity and LWC can provide a rough estimation of water input due to fog deposition onto cool-temperature deciduous forests.
Limitations of current parameterizations of deposition velocity related to wind speed, evaporation loss of rain and fog droplets intercepted by tree canopies,and leaf area index were discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Herwitz, S. R., "Three-dimensional modeling of canopy tree interception of wind-driven rainfall" 168 : 205-226, 1995

2 Lloyd, C. R., "Spatial variability of throughfall and stemflow measurements in Amazonian rain forest" 42 : 63-73, 1988

3 Beswick, K. M., "Size-resolved measurements of cloud droplet deposition velocity to a forest canopy using an eddy correlation technique" 117 : 623-645, 1991

4 Aikawa, M., "Seven-year trend and the time and seasonal dependence of fog water collected near an industrialized area in Japan" 83 : 1-9, 2007

5 Lovett, G. M., "Rates and mechanisms of cloud water deposition to a subalpine balsam fir forest" 18 : 361-371, 1984

6 Erisman, J. W., "Parametrization of surface resistance for the quantification of atmospheric deposition of acidifying pollutants and ozone" 28 : 2595-2607, 1994

7 Wesely, M. L., "Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models" 23 : 1293-1304, 1989

8 Kunkel, B. A., "Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models" 23 : 34-41, 1984

9 Stoelinga, M. T., "Nonhydrostatic, mesobeta- scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event" 38 : 385-404, 1999

10 Fowler, D., "Measurements of cloud water deposition on vegetation using a lysimeter and a flux gradient technique" 42B : 285-293, 1990

11 Tago, H., "Longterm observation of fogwater composition at two mountainous sites in Gunma Prefecture, Japan" 175 : 375-391, 2006

12 Fujinuma, Y., "Lake Mashu Monitoring databook in GEMS/Water program. In CGER-REPORT-M016-2004: GEMS/ Water Lake Mashu Monitoring Data Book" 2004

13 Bruijnzeel, L. A., "Hydrometeorology of tropical montane cloud forests: emerging patterns" 25 : 465-498, 2011

14 Igawa, M., "High frequency and large deposition of acid fog on high elevation forest" 36 : 1-6, 2002

15 Klemm, O., "Fog water flux at a canopy top: Direct measurement versus onedimensional model" 39 : 5375-5386, 2005

16 Lange, C. A., "Fog frequency and chemical composition of fog water-A relevant contribution to atmospheric deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge, Germany" 37 : 3731-3739, 2003

17 Vermeulen, A. T., "Fog deposition on a coniferous forest in the Netherlands" 31 : 375-386, 1997

18 Kobayashi, T., "Estimation of acid deposition to forest canopies via cloud water by means of through fall measurements and cloud water collection- Measurements in Cryptomeria Japonica stands at Mt. Rokko" 12 : 399-411, 1999

19 Holwerda, F., "Estimating fog deposition at a Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest site: Comparison of the water budget and eddy covariance methods" 20 : 2669-2692, 2006

20 Mueller, S. F., "Estimating cloud water deposition to subalpine spruce-fir forests II. Model testing" 25A : 1105-1122, 1991

21 Katata, G., "Development of a land surface model including cloud water deposition on vegetation" 47 : 2129-2146, 2008

22 Matsuda, K., "Deposition velocity of O3 and SO2 in the dry and wet season above a tropical forest in northern Thailand" 40 : 7557-7564, 2006

23 Hasselrot, B., "Deposition of air pollutants in a wind-exposed forest edge" 34 : 135-143, 1987

24 Herckes, P., "Cloudwater studies at a high elevation site in the Vosges Mountains(France)" 117 : 169-177, 2002

25 Watanabe, K., "Chemical characteristics of fog water at Mt. Tateyama, near the coast of the Japan Sea in central Japan" 211 : 379-393, 2010

26 Eugster, W., "Characteristics of fog and fogwater fluxes in a Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest" 139 : 288-306, 2006

27 Erisman, J.W., "Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication" 63-, 1995

28 Seinfeld, J. H., "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics-From Air Pollution to Climate Change" Wiley-Interscience 2006

29 Takashi Yamaguchi, "Aerosol Deposition and Behavior on Leaves in Cool-temperate Deciduous Forests. Part 2: Characteristics of Fog Water Chemistry and Fog Deposition in Northern Japan" 한국대기환경학회 7 (7): 8-16, 2013

30 Zhang, L., "A sizesegregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module" 35 : 549-560, 2001

31 Hicks, B. B., "A preliminary multiple resistance routine for deriving dry deposition velocities from measured quantities" 36 : 311-330, 1987

32 Gultepe, I., "A new visibility parameterization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models" 45 : 1469-1480, 2006

33 Katata, G., "A method for simple and accurate estimation of fog deposition in a mountain forest using a meteorological model" 116 : D20102-, 2011