Graphitic carbon nitride embedded Ni3(VO4)2/ZnCr2O4 Z-scheme photocatalyst for efficient degradation of p-chlorophenol and 5-fluorouracil, and genotoxic evaluation in Allium cepa

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Visible light photocatalysis using nano heterostructures offers an eco-friendly alternative for the removalof organic molecules. Here, we reported an enhanced photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/Ni3(VO4)2/ZnCr2O4, a dual Z-scheme nano-heterojunction for the photocatalytic removal of p-chlorophenol (p-CP)and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The nano heterojunction was fabricated by a facile co-precipitation method.
Initially, the fabricated nanocomposites (NCs) were characterized for Physico-chemical and optoelectronicproperties, by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV–Visible DRS, BET, PL, and EIS. The fabricated g-C3N4/Ni3(VO4)2/ZnCr2O4 has shown excellent photocatalytic activity. The complete mineralization of both p-CP and 5-FU observed after 160 and 200 min of visible light irradiation respectively. The mineralizationof p-CP and 5-FU was confirmed by total organic carbon (TOC) estimation and the percentage of removalTOC for p-CP and 5-FU was 99.25% and 98.9% respectively. The stability of the particle was confirmed bysix cycles test. The reusable efficiency of the NCs was found to be 99.7% after six consequent cycles. Thestability of the NCs was confirmed by XRD and XPS analysis of reused photocatalyst. The scavengers assayand ESR analysis confirmed the major role of OH radicals in enhanced photocatalytic activity. The degradationpathway of p-CP and 5-FU was determined by GC–MS/MS and the possible toxicity of the intermediatecompounds was determined by the ECOSAR program, which shows the non-toxic nature ofthe end product on green algae, daphnia, and fish. The toxicity of the NCs was tested against Allium cepawhich further confirm the non-toxic nature of NCs. The study suggests that fabricated g-C3N4/Ni3(VO4)2/ZnCr2O4 NCs can be utilized for environmental remediation applications.

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