선어말어미 ‘-더-’의 출현 제약에 대한 일고찰

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

There appear to be two major problems in identifying the function of the modern Korean prefinal ending ‘-deo(더)-’. One of the problems is related to the constraint that '-deo(더)-' cannot appear in a declarative sentence in which a first person subject is used. The other problem is found in the constraint that '-deo(더)-' is used in an adnominal clause where a first-person subject is used. When the former is a so-called non-equi-subject constraint; the latter is a phenomenon in which the non-equi-subject constraint is not applied in the construction of adnominal clause. In describing the function of '-deo(더)-', if the former is emphasized, the latter becomes a problem, and if the latter is emphasized, the former becomes a problem.
The use of '-deo(더)-' in 15th-century Hangeul materials confirms that so-called non-equi-subject constraint did not exist. This is because '-da(다)-' is used as a fused form of '-deo(더)-' and '-o(오)/u(우)-' that realizes a grammatical person restriction that corresponds to the first person subject. After the 16th century, in accordance with the disappearence of '-o(오)/u(우)-' in the grammatical person restriction, naturally '-da-' also gradually disappeared, and '-deo(더)-' did not appear again in the same environment. As a result, the situation where the first person subject and '-deo(더)-' co-occur in a sentence has disappeared. Historically, the phenomenon in which ‘-deo(더)-’ does not co-occur with a first person subject in a sentence, is not a systematic gap, but an accidental gap.
The first person subject and '-deo(더)-' do not co-occur in modern Korean declarative sentences. If so-called non-identical subject constraint is an accidental gap, the phenomenon in which the first person subject and '-deo(더)-' co-occur in a adnominal clause is a general usage of '-deo(더)-'.
Therefore, in describing the function of '-deo(더)-' in modern Korean, the non-equi-subject constraint is no longer needed to be considered. It is expected that the description of the function of '-deo(더)-' can be made in a very simple way if the non-equi-subject constraint is excluded.