鄒容의 '革命軍'의 吟味 = An Inquiry in Choujung's "The Revolutionary Army"

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article is written on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of Sinhei Revolution (辛亥革命) in China. Choujung was barn at Chungking of China in 1885 when the Trety of Tientsin was concluded. The defeat of China at the war between China and Japan in 1895 resulted in showing a inability of the Great Old Nation to the great powers. Since then, the great powers made a desperate effort not only to establish influences, but also to acquire rights and interests.
Choujung having regarded such a attitude of the great powers to China as a result of a inability of Chin government rather than a imperialistic invasion, he was convinced that the overthrow of the Ghin Government ruled by the Manchus autocracy would be the only way to be saved from the cumulative dangers of China.
He studied in Japan for a year and published "The Revolutionary Army" at the Shanghai in 1903 after returning to China from Japan. He was only 19 years old at that time.
His book "The Revolutionary Army" had a tremendous sale and mobilized a great number of the Chinese young people for driving out the Manchus nation and defeating the Chin dynasty toward the battle front of the revolution. The Sinhei Revolution, so called Revolution in 1911, broke out in 1911. The posterity highly appreciated "The Revolutionary Army" in the Shinhei Revolution as much as Declaratien of the Human light in French Revolution.
Gho￣ujung's "The Revolutionary Army" consists of seven chapters as follows ; A foreward, chapter I An Introduction, chapter II The Reason of the Revolution, Chapter III The Education of the Revolution, Chapter IV The Racial Discrimination in the Revolution, chapter V The Removal of A Servile Spirit in the Revolution, Chapter VI The Great Duty of the Revolutionary Independence, Chapter VII Conclusion.
The denunciation on the Manchus autocracy, a consciousness and impetus of Chinese people, a demand on freedom and equality, on which Cho￣ujung gave a stress through his book, were constantly not only the principles of "The Revolution in 1911 " thought the while course of the revolution, ,but also in immovable belief of the Republic of China at the present time.
In particular, after his separation from Bowhang (保皇) Reformist led by Kang, Yong-wei and Lyang, Chi-chao, etc., who insisted on the democratic policy and the enactment of constitution without abolishing the emperor, his declaration of the great duty of the revolution aiming at overthrowing Chin dynasty has been an epoch-making extent on the revolutionary history of the republic of China. ''The Revolutionary Army", however, had to be criticized on the points such as follows :
A. Cho￣ujung regarded a revolution as net only a reform of the structure of state but also meaning of the rapture of the Chinese traditional political thoughts. However, the direct importation of alien ideas ignoring the history and tradition of own country seemed to be difficult to be digested everywhere, especially it should be more truly in China having the long-run cultural tradition. Sun Yat-sen and Mao Tse-tung were carefully concerned about the point of view such mentioned above.
B. The main ideas exerting influence on Choujung's political thoughts were from the thinkers of enlightenment such as John Locke, Charles Montesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, ect. The idea that the rights of freedom and equality are believed to be the inherent right and a new government should be established by way of revolution when even the government elected by the people infringe upon people's right, came from the theory of enlightenment. The other important influence on him was the H. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics (1893) which introduced the theory of evolution. Choujung was convinced that it would be natural as a general rule of social evolution, after reading Huxley's book for Chinese people of the cultural, superior ability, the majority to repulse the Manchus people of the primitive, inferiority, the minority. However, if the Chinese people's rule would be rationalized in obedience to the principle of the survival of the fittest, his theory could fall into the contradiction that the encroachment of the great powers against China would have to be rationalized.
C. Chojung's nationalism has leaned toward the extremely intolerant theory of tribe. His theory of revolution assemed to be a kind of agitation rather than a theory, and it was enough to give on impetus to Chinese People's emotion, but was not nearly endowed with the theoretic system and persuasion such as showing in his theory of revolution.
D. Choujung's ''The Revolutionary Army" just advocated with revolution, but nearly did not present any methodology how to perform revolution. Especially, he did not refer to solving the problem of national life. His insistence, therefore, could be nothing but the thro principles of the people at the best.
However, the defects above mentioned in his theory seem to have been destined to the historical restriction that the revolution in 1911 could not help falling under the catagory of civil revolution.
It should be the important matters that Cho￣ujung of young age burned his whole passionate sincerity of emotion and decisively raised a signal-fire of the revolution by mobilizing his knowledge, and grasped the minds of the Chinese people.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1.時代的 背景
• 2.'革命軍'의 構成
• 3.'革命軍'의 評價
• 4.後記