영주 부석사 조사당 벽화의 도상과 배치 = A Study on Iconography and Lay out of Chosa-Hall's Mural paintings in Pusok Temple

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The most representative way of decorating Buddhist halls is to adorn inside and outside of the buildings with colorings or paintings. Although numerous mural paintings and dancheong- a traditional multi-colored paintwork on wooden buildings- are found in Buddhist buildings throughout the country, most of them were painted during the late Joseon Dynasty. The Buddhist temples were damaged and mural paintings were also burnt and destroyed by the invasion of Mongo in the Goryeo dynasty and the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. In addition, many mural paintings were either lost or repainted according to the replacement of their walls during the process of dismantling and repairing the temples' wooden buildings. In this sense, the Pusok temple's mural paintings of Brahma, Indra Sakra and the Four Devas in the late Goryeo dynasty are invaluable heritages in that they are not only the best examples of existing mural paintings but also the only examples of Buddhist mural paintings of the Goryeo dynasty.
Pusok temple, founded in the 16th years of King Munmu(676) by the Buddhist monk Uisang, is a historically distinguished Buddhist temple and also known as one of ten Avatamska temples. It is a branch temple of Goun temple, the 16th parish of Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. This temple has nestled in the middle of Bonghwang mountain after passing through Yongju city. Moreover, Pusok temple is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the name of 'Sansa (Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea)' since June 2018. Passing through the main building of Pusok temple-Muryangsujeon, the Chosa-Hall is located a little above.
Heretofore, previous researches on Chosa hall's mural paintings of Pusok temple have been mentioned in the repairing reports on Pusok temple and Chosa hall. In addition, these researches have been mainly dealt with production techniques, styles, icons and names. However, unlike the previous researches, this article focuses mainly on reviewing the icons and layout of the mural paintings of Chosa hall in Pusok temple This article attempts a new interpretation on the icons and layout of the mural paintings of Chosa hall based on the interpretation of the existing names and traditional method of arranging direction and location on Buddhist art history. It seems that the layout of paintings are closely related to the changes of the standard direction, though there were various explanations on changing arrangements of the Four Devas in the Goryeo dynasty and the Chosun dynasty, according to each art work. At least, Seokguram in the Unified Silla and Buddhist paintings of the Goryeo dynasty are the cases which apply the eastward method.
However, paintings of Chosa hall in Pusok temple have been arranged based on the southward method in that the main Buddha status is facing south. It is important that this southward method is founded in the case of Chosa hall, Pusok temple during the Goryeo dynasty, since it was a common method of arranging temples' halls during the Joseon dynasty. In the course of this research, a new fact was founded through the appearance of the Western dragon motif and the southward arrangement of the Four Devas. Therefore, a certain rule influences on the Buddhist halls' direction and location, and this rule will be an important clue that broadens the understanding of Chosa-Hall's mural paintings.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 문화재청, "한국의 사찰문화재-부산광역시․울산광역시․경상남도Ⅲ" 2010

2 국립문화재연구소, "한국의 고건축 3 (부석사 조사당2)" 1976

3 손연칠, "특별기고: 부석사 조사당벽화, 복원수리에 대한 반론" 1990

4 문명대, "원음과 적조미" 예경 2003

5 강우방, "원융과 조화" 열화당 2004

6 박은경, "영남지역 전통사찰 불전벽화의 장엄요소와 상징체계" 세종출판사 2017

7 문명대, "신흥사 大光殿 壁畵의 考察" 193 : 1992

8 문명대, "신라사천왕상의 연구" 동국대학교박물관 5 : 1980

9 김식, "손열칠씨의 주장에 대한 몇가지 지적｣(특별기고2:다시 반론을 펴면서)" 1990

10 강우방, "사천왕사지출토 채유사천왕부조상의 복원적 고찰" 국립중앙박물관 25 : 1979

11 김보현, "빛깔있는 책171" 대원사 1995

12 손연칠, "부석사 조사당 벽화를 통해 본 한국성 (이달의 특집2/한국미술의 자생력 회복을 위한 검증5)" 1990

13 진홍섭, "묵재한화" 대원사 1999

14 中吉功, "海東佛敎" 國書刊行會 1973

15 문명대, "浮石寺 祖師堂 壁畫試論" 3 : 1977

16 문화재청, "浮石寺 祖師堂" 2005

17 김동현, "浮石寺 無量壽殿과 祖師堂" 3 : 1977

18 白燦圭, "榮豊 浮石寺 祖師堂의 壁畵保存處理"

19 문화재관리국, "榮州浮石寺補修淨化竣工報告書" 1980

20 "朝鮮古蹟圖譜"

21 박은경, "新興寺 佛殿莊嚴 壁畵考" 한국미술연구소 (41) : 113-139, 2015

22 "新增東國輿地勝覽"

23 "三才圖會"

24 "三國遺事"