원시반사통합운동이 신경발달장애 아동의 앞쪽머리자세, 균형능력, 주의집중력에 미치는 효과 : 예비연구 = Effects of Primitive Reflex Integration Exercises on Forward Head Posture, Balance, and Concentration in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disability : A pilot study

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Purpose : Therapeutic exercise should improve the health outcomes of rehabilitation in children with neurodevelopmental disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of primitive reflex integration exercises on forward head posture, balance ability, and concentration in children with neurodevelopmental disability.
Methods : This study included 10 children with neurodevelopmental disability. Primitive reflex integration exercises were performed for 40 minutes, twice a week for 8 weeks (16 sessions). The reflective markers were placed at the center of the shoulders and on the ears. A caliper was used to measure the distance between the attachments of the reflective markers to assess the forward head posture. Pediatric balance scale was used to quantify balance ability. Their abilities in terms of changeless sitting, looking at the teacher, putting children’s hands on their knees, and looking at immovable and movable objects, were assessed to quantify concentration.
Results : There were significant improvements in forward head posture after the intervention (p=.005). Primitive reflex integration exercises significantly improved balance ability of children with neurodevelopmental disability (p=.027). There were also significant improvements in changeless sitting (p=.005), looking at the teacher (p=.004), putting children’s hands on their knees (p=.005), and looking at the immovable (p=.004) and movable (p=.004) objects.
Conclusion : This study showed that primitive reflex integration exercises were a useful intervention to improve forward head posture, balance, and concentration in children with neurodevelopmental disability. Therefore, primitive reflex integration exercises may also promote and improve their general development. Further studies with appropriate sample size and control group are needed to conclude the effectiveness of primitive reflex integration exercises on improving posture, motor function, and concentration in children with neurodevelopmental disability.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 박서현, "집중력 및 인지기능 향상을 위한 임상미술치료 방안 : 활동 피드백을 기반으로" 차의과학대학교 통합의학대학원 2011

2 이형수, "지적장애아동의 균형감각조절임상검사(CTSIB)와 안정성 한계에 대한 연구" 한국사회체육학회 (39) : 485-498, 2010

3 고주연, "일부 뇌성마비 아동을 대상으로 한 아동균형척도의 검사 - 재검사, 측정자간 및 내의 신뢰도" 대한물리치료학회 22 (22): 43-48, 2010

4 박해성, "고유-전정감각 중심의 감각통합중재가 발달지연 아동의 침 흘리기와 자세조절에 미치는 효과 : 단일 실험 설계 연구" 특수교육재활과학연구소 52 (52): 337-354, 2013

5 김경미, "감각통합치료가 주의력결핍 및 과잉행동장애 아동의 균형 및 집중력에 미치는 효과: 개별 실험 연구" 특수교육재활과학연구소 46 (46): 103-130, 2007

6 Teicher MH, "White paper: profound effects of Brain Balance exercises and interactive metronome on a subset of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"

7 Bhat AN, "Visual attention patterns during social and non-social contexts of learning in infants at risk for autism and typically developing infants" 51 (51): 989-997, 2010

8 Townsend J, "Visual attention abnormalities in autism : Delayed orienting to location" 2 (2): 541-550, 1996

9 Allen MC, "Using gross motor milestones to identify very preterm infants at risk for cerebral palsy" 34 (34): 226-232, 1992

10 Luders E, "The underlying anatomical correlates of long-term meditation : larger hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter" 45 (45): 672-678, 2009

11 Grzywniak C, "The effect of the form of persistent trace reflexes to rise the difficulties of school" 2 (2): 98-112, 2010

12 Ruggeri A, "The effect of motor and physical activity intervention on motor outcomes of children with autism spectrum disorder : a systematic review" 24 (24): 544-568, 2020

13 Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, "The disabled welfare act"

14 Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, "The act on the guarantee of rights of and support for persons with developmental disabilities"

15 Esposito G, "Symmetry in infancy : analysis of motor development in autism spectrum disorders" 1 (1): 215-225, 2009

16 Galiana-Simal A, "Sensory processing disorder: key points of a frequent alteration in neurodevelopmental disorders" 7 (7): 2020

17 Konicarova J, "Retained primitive reflexes and ADHD in children" 54 (54): 135-138, 2012

18 Masgutova S, "Progress with neurosensorimotor reflex integration for children with autism spectrum disorder" 4 (4): 2016

19 Pecuch A, "Primitive reflex activity in relation to the sensory profile in healthy preschool children" 17 (17): 8210-, 2020

20 Pecuch A, "Primitive reflex activity in relation to motor skills in healthy preschool children" 11 (11): 967-, 2021

21 Ahn RR, "Prevalence of parents’ perceptions of sensory processing disorders among kindergarten children" 58 (58): 287-293, 2004

22 Memari AH, "Postural control impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review of current literature" 5 (5): 2014

23 Melillo R, "Persistent childhood primitive reflex reduction effects on cognitive, sensorimotor, and academic performance in ADHD" 8 (8): 2020

24 Gieysztor EZ, "Persistence of primitive reflexes and associated motor problems in healthy preschool children" 14 (14): 167-173, 2018

25 Pediatric Physical Therapy Compilation Committee, "Pediatric physical therapy for diagnosis & intervention" HYUNMOON Publishing Co 74-, 2018

26 Tecklin JS, "Pediatric physical therapy" YEONGMUN Publishing Co 24-, 2020

27 Franjoine MR, "Pediatric balance scale : a modified version of the berg balance scale for the school-age child with mild to moderate motor impairment" 15 (15): 114-128, 2003

28 Korea Occupational Safety Health Agency, "Office ergonomics"

29 Ozmun JC, "Neuromuscular adaptations following prepubescent strength training" 26 (26): 510-514, 1994

30 Morton SM, "Mechanisms of cerebellar gait ataxia" 6 (6): 79-86, 2007

31 Wagstaff BL, "Make way for segways: mobility disabilities, segways, and public accommodations" 20 (20): 347-359, 2012

32 Barbara B, "Learning disability course"

33 Marshall J, "Infant neurosensory development : considerations for infant child care" 39 (39): 175-181, 2011

34 Brown CG, "Improving fine motor skills in young children : an intervention study" 26 (26): 269-278, 2010

35 Bölte S, "Gestalt perception and local-global processing in high-functioning autism" 37 (37): 1493-1504, 2007

36 Calhoun M, "Gait patterns in children with autism" 26 (26): 200-206, 2011

37 Berg K, "Functional assessment of balance and gait" 12 (12): 705-723, 1996

38 Jones MA, "Effects of power wheelchairs on the development and function of young children with severe motor impairments" 24 (24): 131-140, 2012

39 American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" American Psychiatric Publishing 37-93, 2013

40 추연구, "DSM-5의 개정에서 본 발달장애의 새로운 진단명과 진단 기준 그리고 ASD의 명칭 도입과 ADHD의 변화" 한국발달장애학회 18 (18): 1-21, 2014

41 Srinivasan SM, "Current perspectives on physical activity and exercise recommendations for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders" 94 (94): 875-889, 2014

42 Bhat AN, "Current perspectives on motor functioning in infants, children, and adults with autism spectrum disorders" 91 (91): 1116-1129, 2011

43 Cheon KA, "Autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorder: neurodevelopmental pathology" 16 (16): 153-159, 2005

44 Bruijn SM, "Are effects of the symmetric and asymmetric tonic neck reflexes still visible in healthy adults?" 556 : 89-92, 2013

45 최정화, "8주간 태권체조 운동이 발달장애 아동의 운동협응 능력에 미치는 영향" 한국초등체육학회 23 (23): 229-243, 2017