Bloom to Gloom-Emotional Intelligence and Employee Silence: An Empirical Study from Pakistan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The objective of the current research study is to examine those elements/factors that can reduce silence so that organizations can become more efficient, innovative, and adaptable by sharing knowledge and work-related problems. The purpose behind conducting this research was to explore the effects of emotional intelligence on silent behavior. The study also focuses on other individual negative aspects that can increase counterproductive behavior like silence and examines the effects of emotional intelligence on silence through moral disengagement. Data was collected from 400 employees using stratified sampling to ensure adequate representation of males and females. Data was collected from nurses and young doctors using the adopted measurement scale through a self-administered questionnaire. Since the sample included nursing staff and they usually are not well versed in English, the instrument was translated into Urdu. Data were analyzed using SEM to assess the direct and indirect effects of EI on employee silence. The result indicates that emotional intelligence has a positive impact on employee silence and moral disengagement. In contradiction to theory, the findings suggest that people with high emotional intelligence tend to get morally disengaged. As a result, they will remain silent and withhold information regarding work-related issues and problems.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development 3. Research Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion and Limitations

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Yu-Kyung Kim, "서비스 종사자의 개인 직무적합성이 - 감정지능 및 직무만족에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구" 한국유통과학회 14 (14): 81-92, 2016

2 Bibi, Z., "Workplace Incivility and Counterproductive Work Behavior : Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence" 28 (28): 317-334, 2013

3 Kieran Walshe, "When Things Go Wrong: How Health Care Organizations Deal With Major Failures" Health Affairs (Project Hope) 23 (23): 103-111, 2004

4 Michael Segon, "Virtue: The Missing Ethics Element in Emotional Intelligence" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 128 (128): 789-802, 2015

5 Petrides, K. V, Furnham, A., "Trait emotional intelligence : Moving forward in the field of EI" 4 : 151-166, 2007

6 Robert E. Quinn, "The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider" Elsevier BV 26 (26): 37-49, 1997

7 Abraham Carmeli, "The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes" Emerald 18 (18): 788-813, 2003

8 Cherniss, C., "The emotionally intelligent workplace" Jossey-Bass 2001

9 Wong, C. S., "The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude : An exploratory study" 13 (13): 243-274, 2002

10 Hyo Sun Jung, "The effects of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behaviors and organizational citizen behaviors among food and beverage employees in a deluxe hotel" Elsevier BV 31 (31): 369-378, 2012

11 J. A. Easterbrook, "The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior." American Psychological Association (APA) 66 (66): 183-201, 1959

12 Abraham Carmeli, "The Relationship Among Emotional Intelligence, Task Performance, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors" Informa UK Limited 19 (19): 403-419, 2006

13 Khai The NGUYEN, "The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Performance: A Closer Look at Individual and Environmental Factors" 한국유통과학회 7 (7): 183-193, 2020

14 Kusni INGSIH, "The Effect of Training, Information Technology, Intellectual and Emotional Intelligence on Teacher’s Performance" 한국유통과학회 7 (7): 577-582, 2020

15 Kathryn A. Sexton, "The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire: Validation of the English translation" Elsevier BV 22 (22): 355-370, 2008

16 Adrian Furnham, "TRAIT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND HAPPINESS" Scientific Journal Publishers Ltd 31 (31): 815-823, 2003

17 Jennifer J. Kish-Gephart, "Silenced by fear:The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work" Elsevier BV 29 : 163-193, 2009

18 Hayden, M. S., "Shared principles in NF-$κ$B signaling" 132 (132): 344-362, 2008

19 Albert Bandura, "Selective Activation and Disengagement of Moral Control" Wiley 46 (46): 27-46, 1990

20 Ceyda Basogul, "Role of Emotional Intelligence in Conflict Management Strategies of Nurses" 한국간호과학회 10 (10): 228-233, 2016

21 David R. Caruso, "Relation of an Ability Measure of Emotional Intelligence to Personality" Informa UK Limited 79 (79): 306-320, 2002

22 Nunnally, J. C., "Psychometric Theory" McGrawHill 1967

23 Elien Vanderveren, "Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire" Ubiquity Press, Ltd. 60 (60): 184-197, 2020

24 Ken Hodge, "Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport: The Role of Coaching Style, Autonomous vs. Controlled Motivation, and Moral Disengagement" Human Kinetics 33 (33): 527-547, 2011

25 Arla L. Day, "Predicting psychological health: assessing the incremental validity of emotional intelligence beyond personality, Type A behaviour, and daily hassles" SAGE Publications 19 (19): 519-536, 2005

26 Norma Alicia Ruvalcaba-Romero, "Positive emotions, self-esteem, interpersonal relationships and social support as mediators between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction" Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 9 (9): 1-6, 2017

27 Elizabeth J. Austin, "Personality, well-being and health correlates of trait emotional intelligence" Elsevier BV 38 (38): 547-558, 2005

28 Peter Salovey, "Perceived Emotional Intelligence, Stress Reactivity, and Symptom Reports: Further Explorations Using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale" Informa UK Limited 17 (17): 611-627, 2002

29 Robert J. Sternberg, "People's conceptions of intelligence." American Psychological Association (APA) 41 (41): 37-55, 1981

30 Kibeom Lee, "Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions." American Psychological Association (APA) 87 (87): 131-142, 2002

31 Elizabeth Wolfe Morrison, "Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World" Academy of Management 25 (25): 706-, 2000

32 Rachael Pope, "Organizational Silence in the NHS: ‘Hear no, See no, Speak no’" Informa UK Limited 19 (19): 45-66, 2019

33 Hillary Anger Elfenbein, "On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis." American Psychological Association (APA) 128 (128): 203-235, 2002

34 Sigurd W. Hystad, "Moral disengagement as a mechanism between perceptions of organisational injustice and deviant work behaviours" Elsevier BV 68 : 138-145, 2014

35 Celia Moore, "Moral disengagement" Elsevier BV 6 : 199-204, 2015

36 Alexander Newman, "Moral Disengagement at Work: A Review and Research Agenda" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 167 (167): 535-570, 2020

37 Xingchao Wang, "Moral Disengagement as Mediator and Moderator of the Relation Between Empathy and Aggression Among Chinese Male Juvenile Delinquents" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 48 (48): 316-326, 2017

38 Albert Bandura, "Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency." American Psychological Association (APA) 71 (71): 364-374, 1996

39 Albert Bandura, "Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency." American Psychological Association (APA) 71 (71): 364-374, 1996

40 Hakan Erkutlu, "Leader’s integrity and employee silence in healthcare organizations" Emerald 32 (32): 419-434, 2019

41 Bernhard Leidner, "Ingroup Glorification, Moral Disengagement, and Justice in the Context of Collective Violence" SAGE Publications 36 (36): 1115-1129, 2010

42 Tong Che, "Impacts of knowledge sourcing on employee innovation: the moderating effect of information transparency" Emerald 23 (23): 221-239, 2019

43 Peixu He, "How and When Compulsory Citizenship Behavior Leads to Employee Silence: A Moderated Mediation Model Based on Moral Disengagement and Supervisor–Subordinate Guanxi Views" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 155 (155): 259-274, 2019

44 Niklas Harring, "Higher education, norm development, and environmental protection" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 79 (79): 291-305, 2020

45 Marinella Paciello, "High cost helping scenario: The role of empathy, prosocial reasoning and moral disengagement on helping behavior" Elsevier BV 55 (55): 3-7, 2013

46 Pfeiffer, D., "Exploring theories and expanding methodologies: Where we are and where we need to go" Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2001

47 L.A. Downey, "Examining the relationship between leadership, emotional intelligence and intuition in senior female managers" Emerald 27 (27): 250-264, 2006

48 Hisham Hamid Hawass, "Examining the antecedents of prosocial silence: a relational perspective" Emerald 11 (11): 248-271, 2016

49 Craig C. Pinder, "Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice" Emerald (MCB UP ) 20 : 331-369, 2001

50 Chad T. Brinsfield, "Employee silence motives: Investigation of dimensionality and development of measures" Wiley 34 (34): 671-697, 2013

51 GERALD MATTHEWS, "Emotional intelligence: A promise unfulfilled?" Wiley 54 (54): 105-127, 2012

52 Elizabeth J. Austin, "Emotional intelligence, Machiavellianism and emotional manipulation: Does EI have a dark side?" Elsevier BV 43 (43): 179-189, 2007

53 Andrea Pittarello, "Emotional intelligence buffers the effect of physiological arousal on dishonesty" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 25 (25): 440-446, 2018

54 David Carr, "Emotional Intelligence, PSE and Self Esteem: A Cautionary Note" Wiley 18 (18): 27-33, 2000

55 Mesmer-Magnus Jessica, "Emotional Intelligence, Individual Ethicality, and Perceptions" Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid 26 (26): 35-45, 2010

56 Thuy Thanh Thi DOAN, "Emotional Intelligence and Project Success: The Roles of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment" 한국유통과학회 7 (7): 223-233, 2020

57 Ugoani, J. N. N., "Emotional Intelligence And Organizational Culture Equilibrium-A Correlation Analysis" 1 : 1-, 2015

58 Peter Salovey, "Emotional Intelligence" SAGE Publications 9 (9): 185-211, 1990

59 Young, P. T., "Emotion in man and animal: Its nature and relation to attitude and motive" Wiley 1943

60 Bariso, J., "EQ applied: The real-world guide to emotional intelligence: How to make emotions work for you, instead of against you" Borough Hall 2018

61 Ryan, K. D., "Driving fear out of the workplace: Creating the high-trust, high-performance organization" Jossey-Bass 1998

62 Michael Knoll, "Do I Hear the Whistle…? A First Attempt to Measure Four Forms of Employee Silence and Their Correlates" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 113 (113): 349-362, 2013

63 Luke W. Hyde, "Developmental Precursors of Moral Disengagement and the Role of Moral Disengagement in the Development of Antisocial Behavior" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 38 (38): 197-209, 2010

64 Nicola S. Schutte, "Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence" Elsevier BV 25 (25): 167-177, 1998

65 Halit Keskin, "Cyberbullying Victimization, Counterproductive Work Behaviours and Emotional Intelligence at Workplace" Elsevier BV 235 : 281-287, 2016

66 Ponniah Raman, "Counterproductive work behavior among frontline government employees: Role of personality, emotional intelligence, affectivity, emotional labor, and emotional exhaustion" Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid 32 (32): 25-37, 2016

67 Seymour Epstein, "Constructive thinking: A broad coping variable with specific components." American Psychological Association (APA) 57 (57): 332-350, 1989

68 Linn Van Dyne, "Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs*" Wiley 40 (40): 1359-1392, 2003

69 Nicola S. Schutte, "Characteristic emotional intelligence and emotional well-being" Informa UK Limited 16 (16): 769-785, 2002

70 Gliem, J. A., "Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for Likerttype scales" 2003

71 Brendan Kline, "Bayesian inference in a class of partially identified models" The Econometric Society 7 (7): 329-366, 2016

72 Theodoros A. Kyriazos, "Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General" Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. 09 (09): 2207-2230, 2018

73 Paul E Spector, "An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior" Elsevier BV 12 (12): 269-292, 2002

74 Roberta Fida, "An Integrative Approach to Understanding Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Roles of Stressors, Negative Emotions, and Moral Disengagement" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 130 (130): 131-144, 2015

75 Babatunde Ogunfowora, "An Exploration of the Dishonest Side of Self–Monitoring: Links to Moral Disengagement and Unethical Business Decision Making" SAGE Publications 27 (27): 532-544, 2013

76 Ding Xiaqi, "Abusive supervision and LMX" Emerald 6 (6): 257-270, 2012

77 Tyupa, S., "A theoretical framework for back-translation as a quality assessment tool" 7 (7): 35-46, 2011

78 Duffy, M. K., "A social context model of envy and social undermining" 55 (55): 643-666, 2012

79 Nicola S. Schutte, "A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health" Elsevier BV 42 (42): 921-933, 2007

80 Chao Miao, "A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes" Wiley 90 (90): 177-202, 2017

81 Alexandra Martins, "A comprehensive meta-analysis of the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and health" Elsevier BV 49 (49): 554-564, 2010

82 Michelle K. Duffy, "A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining" Academy of Management 55 (55): 643-666, 2012