중국의 스모그에 대한 사회학적 분석

이중희(Lee, Jung-Hee) 동북아시아문화학회 2014 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.41

Ulrich Beck argues that the industrial society was transferred to the risk society. The principle of the industrial society is the distribution of wealth while that of the risk society is the distribution of risks. And the technological and economic developments create new risks. The risk society theory of Ulrich Beck has been developed in Western societies and can be applied to Western societies. The development of Korea are different from that of Western Countries. The Korean development is the characteristics of the rush to modernization or the compressed modernization. The compressed modernization deepens and enlarges risks. Chang, Kyung-Sup regards Korean society as complex risk society including risks of developed societies, of developing societies, and of Korean specialties. First, in developed societies, serious risks can be caused by gas, nuclear energy power, etc. And the means of transportation and a large size of architectures can cause serious accidents. Second, in developing societies, people easily experience risks caused by transportation, energy, production and environment. Third, in societies of compressed modernization, there are various risks caused by the development of fast speed. In China, there are many papers which focus on Chinese society in terms of risk society. However, few papers focus on the Chinese specialties of risk society. Few papers analyze the Chinese risk society based on the Chinese specialties of development. The Chinese development has both compressed modernization and system conversion. The Chinese system has changed from the socialist planned economy system to the socialist market economy system. The Chinese society does not only have the risks of compressed modernity existed in korea, but also has risks of system conversion. The Chinese society is more complex risk society than the Korean Society. In China, the risks of system conversion include risks caused by the existing socialist system, the introduction of market economy, and the combination of the existing socialist system and the newly introduced market economy. In China, both the Wenzhou High-Speed Train accident and the Smog problems are problems which do not include only the risks of developing societies and compressed modernization, but also the risks of system conversion.

고령화 사회에 대한 위험인식

정순둘(Chung, Soondool),최혜지(Choi, Hye Ji),배은경(Bae, Eun Kyung),이경민(Lee, Kyoung Min) 한국노년학회 2011 한국노년학 Vol.31 No.3

본 연구는 고령화 사회에 대한 사회구성원들의 위험인식을 고찰하고, 우리 사회의 고령화 사회 준비와 그 방향을 모색해 보기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 본 연구는 사회적 위험에 대한 Slovic의 구성주의적 인식과 Taylor-Gooby의 신사회적 위험의 시각을 바탕으로 고령화 사회에 대한 위험인식을 위험순위와 위험인식으로 유형화하여 고찰하였다. 사회조사 연구로 설계했으며, 할당표집으로 추출한 20세 이상 성인 남녀 1,500명을 대상으로 수집한 자료를 분석하였다. 연구결과 고령화 사회에 대한 위험인식은 11개 위험영역 중 7번째로 나타났으며, 고령화 사회에 대한 위험순위는 '고령화 사회에 살고 있는지에 대한 인지여부', '고령화가 삶에 미치는 영향', '최종학력'에 의해 유의미한 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 고령화 사회에 대한 위험인식은 '고령화 사회의 자신과 연관성', '고령화가 삶에 미치는 영향', '최종학력'에 의해 유의미한 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 우리 사회구성원의 고령화 사회 준비와 그 방향에 대해 논의하였다. The purposes of this study were to explore the perception of risk regarding an ageing society and to suggest the ways of preparation for an ageing society. Based on the social constructionist paradigm from Slovic as to the perception of risk and the perspectives of new social risks from Taylor-Gooby, we observed risk perception of an ageing society in two ways: ordering of perceived risks and risk perception. Social survey research method was used for this study and data collected from 1,500 subjects aged 20 and over were analyzed. The results revealed that the risk perception of an ageing society was ranked 7th out of 11 social risks. 'Whether or not one perceived he/she lived in an ageing society', 'an ageing society's effects on one's lives', and 'educational background' were the significant variables influencing the ordering of perceived risks of an ageing society. Also, perception of risk regarding an ageing society was significantly associated with 'relation of ageing society with his/her own life', 'an ageing society's effects on one's lives', and 'educational background'. Further discussion for the preparation of an ageing society was provided based on these results.

위험사회에서 세계시민주의로:울리히 벡의 (기술)위험 거버넌스 전망과 한국의 사회학

박희제 동양사회사상학회 2014 사회사상과 문화 Vol.30 No.-

울리히 벡은 과학기술과 제도에 의해 매개된 위험을 현대사회의 특징으로 설명해왔다. 이 논문은 벡의 위험사회론이 세계위험사회론과 세계시민주의로 발전하면서 어떤 변화를 가져왔는지를 소개하고, 한국 사회학계가 벡의 개념 과 이론을 수용해 한국사회의 위험을 어떻게 이론화하고 경험적으로 연구해 왔는지를 살펴본다. 1990년대 일련의 대형 사고와 재정위기가 발발하며 한국 사회에 대한 성찰적 조망의 필요성이 대두되었고, 위험사회라는 개념은 한국 사회를 분석할 새로운 개념과 이론을 찾고 있던 사회학자들에게 중요한 이 론적 도구를 제공해 주었다. 한편 한국의 사회학은 위험사회론을 무비판적으 로 수용만 한 것이 아니라 한국사회의 경험에 비추어 위험사회론에 역사적 맥락성을 부여하면서 이론의 수정을 촉진했다. 반면 그의 후기 이론체계인 세계위험사회론이나 세계시민주의 개념은 아직 한국 사회학계에서 충분히 논의되고 활용되지 못하고 있다. 이에 이 논문은 과학기술학의 최근 연구들 을 기초로 한국 사회학이 세계시민주의적 시각에서 한국 내부와 국제사회를 연결시켜 글로벌 위험을 분석하는 방안으로 규제정책의 글로컬리제이션 연 구, 지식의 수행성과 미래 예측의 지식정치 연구, 그리고 위험정치에서 국제 기구의 역할에 대한 연구를 제안한다. Ulrich Beck has characterized modern society as risk society in which risks are mediated by science & technology and social institutions. This paper explains the changes in Beck’s ideas as he has moved from the theory of risk society to the theory of global risk society and cosmopolitanism and also examines how Korean sociologists have studied risks in Korea using his concepts and theories. In the 1990s, a series of disastrous incidents and national financial crisis forced Koreans to look at Korean society reflexively. The concept of risk society was therefore embraced warmly by Korean sociologists who looked for new concepts and theories to analyze the risks Korean society was facing. Korean sociologists, however, did not merely adopt the theory of risk society. They underscored unique experiences of Korea and, in so doing, highlighted the historical context of the theory of risk society, which fostered modification of the theory. By contrast, Beck’s recent development of theories of the global risk society and cosmopolitanism failed to have much impact on Korean sociology. To enhance research on global risks from the perspective of cosmopolitanism, this paper highlights three potential research areas in science & technology studies (STS) which include research on glocalization of science and technology regulation policies, research on performativity of knowledge and prediction, and research on the roles of international institutes in domestic risk politics.

WORLD AT RISK

ULRICH BECK(울리히 벡) 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2008 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.37 No.1

In the current phase of reflexive or second modernization, we are witnessing a dialectics of modernity: continuity of the principles and discontinuity of basic institutions of nation-state modernity. This process is leading us from the national industrial society to the world risk society. A theory of reflexive modernization consists of theorems of individualization, cosmopolitanization, and risk society. This radicalized modernity has produced world risk society. What signifies the risk society are manufactured uncertainties which tend to be intangible to our senses. The theory of world risk society as a new Critical Theory assumes three characteristics of global risks: delocalization, uncalculability, and non- compensatability. This theory also adopts eight theses regarding the inequality of global risks; the power of risk definition; risk and culture/trust; cosmopolitian politics of world risk society; a "revolutionary subject" for climate change; global risks empowering states and civil movements; divergent (environmental/ economic/ terrorist) logics of global risks; world risk society as a boundary-transcending process. The "cosmopolitan moment" of world risk society is now set free.

일반논문 : 위험형법에서 허용된 위험이론의 전개

조광훈 ( Kwang Hoon Cho ) 영산대학교 법률연구소 2014 영산법률논총 Vol.11 No.2

현대사회가 위험사회라는 것을 극명하게 보여준 사고가 바로 세월호 사고였다. 과학기술문명이 발달할수록 수많은 위험은 발생하고 이를 통제하고 제어하기 위한 위험형법은 강조된다. 그러나 물질문명의 유용성에 의한 다소의 법익침해는 사회적 상당성 때문에 허용될 수가 있다. 하지만 위험형법에서 말하는 위험과 허용된 위험이론의 개념의 모호함은 어느 행위가 위험하고 위험하지 않은지에 대한 구체적인 판단기준이 설정되어 있지 않다. 위험사회에서 허용된 위험이론은 죄형법정주의의 훼손을 방지하지만 위험의 확장에 따른 안전의 위협을 불러오기도 하고, 피의자의 인권을 보호하는 반면 국가형벌권의 약화를 초래하기도 한다. 위험사회에서 허용된 위험이론은 전통형법과 위험형법에서 허용된 위험이론의 역학구도는 안전과 위험의 공존의 순환법적 도그마틱을 형성하고, 허용된 위험이론의 한계가 드러난다. 위험사회에서 허용된 위험이론은 인권보호의 균형추와 충실한 좌표역할을 담당한다. 국가에 의한 형사정책적 관점에서 위험을 지속적으로 관리하는 것이 필요하다. 여기에 국민들은 위험의 사회적 상당성에 대한 올바른 인식과 평가가 곁들어 지고 국가의 안전사회를 위한 책무와 과제를 다한다면 위험을 효율적으로 관리하여 좀 더 안전사회를 구현할 수 있을 것이다. What clearly showed that modern society is a risky society was the MV Sewol Incident. As scientific & technological civilization advances, numerous risks occur and according Riskostrafrecht to control such risk is emphasized. However, a certain degree of Rechtgut infringement from the usefulness of material civilization can be permitted because of social reasonability. As for the ambiguity of concept of Risk Theory permitted and risk being referred to in Riskostrafrecht, however, there is no specific criteria for determining which action is risk or no. The Risk Theory permitted in risky society causes the threat of safety from expansion of risk while preventing the damage of the principle of legality, as well as causes weakening of state punishment power while protecting the human right of suspect. As for the Risk Theory permitted in risky society, the dynamics of Risk Theory permitted in traditional criminal law and Riskostrafrecht form circular dogmatic of the coexistence of safety and risk as the path of limitation of permitted Risk Theory. The Risk Theory permitted in risky society plays a key part as balance weight of human rights protection and faithful coordinate. It is necessary to continuously manage risk from the perspective of national criminal policy. Along with correct recognition and assessment on social reasonability of risk by people and the nation``s fulfillment of its responsibilities and assignments on safe society, a safer society can be maintained by effectively managing risk.

위험사회 중심의 교양 교과목으로서 세계시민교육 방안

정윤길,고은선 한국국제문화교류학회 2024 문화교류와 다문화교육 Vol.13 No.2

Based on university students’ perceptions of risk issues, this study suggests that education on competencies and practices necessary for recognizing and responding to a risk society can be a concrete educational model that can fulfill the need for global citizenship education in liberal arts education. To this end, a survey was conducted on the risk perceptions of students who took and did not take a global citizenship liberal arts course at D University in Seoul. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, when analyzing the perceptions of each risky social area, we found that economic life-related risks were the highest in terms of the likelihood of risk occurrence, exposure to risk, vulnerability to risk, and response to risk. Liberal arts students were more urgent to expose and deal with risks related to natural disasters, the environment, and politics and foreign relations, while non-college students were more urgent to deal with risks related to health, life cycle, economic life, and social life. Second, when analyzing the difference in perceptions of the severity of risk society, liberal arts students were more likely to be exposed to risks related to social life, the environment, life cycle, economic life, and natural disasters, while non-college students were more likely to be exposed to risks related to life cycle, economic life, social life, the environment, and natural disasters. Third, the analysis of self-efficacy in a risky society showed that liberal arts students had higher self-efficacy than non-college students. Fourth, liberal arts education was found to have an impact on the development of global citizenship skills. Fifth, critical thinking skills, courage to act, and a sense of solidarity were the most important skills needed for the safety of a dangerous society, and ‘national laws and institutional measures’ were the most important. Based on the results of this study, implications were suggested for university and government policies to foster global citizenship competencies among university students in liberal arts education.

위험사회에서의 빅데이터 활용과 잊힐 권리의 보장에 관한 고찰

권헌영,김경열,김나연 한국공법학회 2013 공법연구 Vol.41 No.4

Risk society is a concept conceived to analyze the characteristics of modern society. Simplistically, it means that the more technical development and material affluence are achieved through industrialization and modernization, the bigger intrinsic risk is. The aim of the present study is to look into how people's natural rights are abridged or infringed and how they are driven away towards an extreme due to their psychological burden accumulated by technical development and material affluence, rather than physical risk. In risk society, risk is recognized as a structure and state and society reflect on their own role so as to hold down the occurrence of risk and seek risk prevention means, which will be embodied through legislation. That's why normative understanding and juridical examination should take precedence over technology, policy and institutions to cope with risk. The role of state and the change of norms will be examined based on the use of big data coming to the fore as one of the major technologies of smart society to get rid of uncertainty of risk society and the application of a ‘right to be forgotten’ raised as a way to hold down new risk through the aforementioned use of big data. 위험사회(risk society)란 현대사회의 특징을 분석하기 위해 만들어낸 개념으로서, 극단적으로 단순화 하자면 산업화․근대화 등을 통하여 기술발달과 물질적 풍요가 달성되는 만큼 내재된 위험도 커진다는 것을 의미한다. 본고를 통해서는 기술의 발전과 물질적 풍요가 가져오면 상대적으로 발생하는 물리적 위험 보다는 개인의 고유한 권리가 축소 혹은 침해되는 방식, 심리적 부담이 축적됨으로써 당사자를 극단적인 상태로 내모는 형태 등에 관한 사례들에 관하여 살펴볼 것이다. 위험사회에서는 위험을 하나의 구조로 인식함으로써 국가와 사회는 위험의 발생을 억제하기 위하여 스스로의 역할에 관한 성찰이 이루어지며, 위험예방의 작용을 강구하게 되는데, 위험예방 수단을 마련하는 방식은 입법을 통하여 이루어지게 된다. 위험에 대응하는 기술ㆍ정책ㆍ제도에 관하여 무엇보다 규범적 이해와 법리적 검토가 우선시 되어야 하는 이유는 여기에 있다. 위험사회의 불확실성을 제거할 수 있는 스마트사회의 주요한 기술로 대두되고 있는 빅데이터의 이용과, 그 빅데이터 이용을 통한 새로운 위험을 억제하는 방안으로 제기되고 있는 ‘잊힐 권리’의 적용에 관한 내용을 토대로 국가의 역할과 규범의 변화에 대해서 구체적으로 고찰할 수 있을 것이다.

위험사회, 위험 그리고 형법의 대응 -국내의 논의 현황과 동향을 중심으로-

변종필 ( Jong Pil Byun ) 한국비교형사법학회 2012 비교형사법연구 Vol.14 No.2

This paper treats what roll criminal law has to carry out in modern society named risk-society. I examined here the existing debates critically. First, I referred to the concept of risk-society and the risks, which occur routinely in risk-society and their characteristics. Second, I searched the justificatory mechanisms of so-called risk-criminal law and indicated their problems in the respect of criminal law theory. Third, I researched some responses of criminal law to cope with the risks in risk-society. Finally, I mentioned the task and roll of criminal law in modern society. My opinion is that future of criminal law is very unclear, therefore it is desirable to review implications of traditional principles of criminal law and to deliberate the justificatory ground of criminal law in such a situation, and to find new ascribing standards of responsibility for actions in danger of violating legal interests at the same time.

Risk or Totem?: Semantics of Child in Korean Risk Society

김홍중 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2013 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.42 No.2

In a risk society, intimacy falls under the category of rational management and individual reflexivities. Children are not an exception. This article attempts to shed light on this newly emerging figure of child in risk societalization of Korean society. We propose to grasp this figure of child as a risk-totem. For this, we refer to an important concept of Luhmann called self-observation of society. According to this insight, society observes itself through the mass media, sciences (sociology), and culture. In this context, we analyzed two major forms of self-observation of contemporary Korean risk society on the subject of child in particular: child abduction films and discourses on risk society. Through the examination of these two forms of self-observation of society, the semantics of child in a risk society are determined as a risk-totem.

‘위혐사회’의 위험소통방식 변화 : 세월호 참사의 언론보도를 중심으로

유경한 한국문화융합학회 2019 문화와 융합 Vol.41 No.4

This Study aims to provide a venue for discussing how to understand the resources of communication in the face of risk society. For doing so, the study try to analyze news articles on risk with a focus on risk communication. The study establishes two research questions and combination of two research methods to analyze the news related to the Sewol ferry disaster. First, Keyword network analysis showed that the Sewol ferry disaster was not a single, but multiple incidents reproducing and spreading to related issues in the network, which differs from the patterns found in other similar disasters. Second, the textual analysis found that risk-related victim reports, combined with scientific and technological discourse, have the potential to visually objectify victims, or avoid journalism ethics with technical problems. Furthermore, these reports have the problem of blaming and victimizing victims in combination with other hate discourses. Such reports contribute to cover up risks by creating a new conflict, rather than resolving the risks. In conclusion, the study found a clue that Korean society shifts a “risk hatred society” in which risk and disgust are linked and segmented into one network form. From these findings, this study suggests the necessity of a new way of risk communication for responding a new culture of risk, as risk are formed as a broad hatred network in combination with daily hatred, and spread to collective violence in the “risk hatred society.”