Types of Interactions and Feedbacks of Different Smart-Phone Contents

Ho-Eun Lee,Young-Ju Lee 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.11 No.5

This study includes literature researches on interaction types for different contents in order to examine interaction and information perception among users. It turned out that information perception among users was in close relation with feedbacks. Repeated and lasting feedbacks result from touch events of fingers on the smart-phone screen, and these events maintain a series of rules. Touch events are most frequently used in a familiar user environment, and they are divided to several types: static feedbacks such as tap, double tap, and long tap; active feedbacks such as drag, flick, and multi-touch; and combinations of different types of feedbacks. Interaction types involve user tasks such as click, screen transition, zoon-in/out, and icon movement. UI elements include springboards, icons, navigations, controllers, table lists, etc. It turned out that the same interactions might be used among different UI elements. Most frequently used mobile internet service items include data and information acquisition, communication, leisure activity, GPS service, and economic activity in order. As contents were classified with corresponding UI elements based on these items, it turned out that the most frequently used elements were navigations and table lists, and that the corresponding interaction types were taps and drags. Since data and information acquisition was ranked first among goals of using smart-phones, tabs, an interaction type related to screen execution and hyperlink, were most frequently used. It also turned out that drag was often used for text-based contents, and this is because drag interaction was frequently necessary to scroll the screen upward or downward to read contents on a small smart-phone screen. Feedbacks result from interaction, and the most frequently used types of interaction are 'basic' and 'dynamic active' types. In addition, as UI elements were examined for different contents and interaction types, it turned out that the most frequently used UIs for contents were table lists, which involved interactions types such as 'tab,' 'drag,' and 'flick.‘

타이완 지역 오스트로네시아어 사동문 논항 격 유형

박은석 영남중국어문학회 2023 중국어문학 Vol.- No.92

This paper studied the case types of the causative arguments of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan. The languages of the Austronesian family in Taiwan have a unique focus structure that is largely divided into agent focus and non-agent focus(patient focus, locative focus, instrumental focus, peripheral focus). This unique focus structure affects the argument case structure of the causative sentences. This paper investigates the case structure of the two argument causative sentences, three argument causative sentences, and four argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, respectively, and classifies the types. It can be seen that the case structure types of the argument differs according to the focus structure types in all of the two argument causative sentences, three argument causative sentences, and four argument causative sentences. In the case of the agent focus two argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 4 types. And in all languages, there was a common characteristic that the causer appears as the nominative case. The case structure in which the causer appears as the nominative and the causee appears as the ablative was the most with 8 languages. In the case of the non-agent focus two argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 4 types. In the non-agent focus two argument causative sentences, the patient focus sentence and the locative focus sentence were found as the non-agent focus sentence. Languages with non-agent focus, and with the case structure in which the causer appears as the genitive and the causee appears as the nominative were the most with 11 languages. In the case of the agent focus three argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 4 types. And in all languages, there was a common characteristic that the causer appears as the nominative case. In the case of the non-agent focus three argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan, the types of argument case can be classified into 14 types. there was a common characteristic that almost all of the causer appears as the genitive case. Four types of non-agent focus sentence were discovered in the non-agent focus three argument causative sentences, patient focus sentence, locative focus sentence, instrumental focus sentence, and peripheral focus sentence. Languages with non-agent focus, and with the case structure in which the causer appears as the genitive and the causee appears as the nominative and object appears as the ablative were the most with 5 languages. It is difficult to systematically classify the case structure of four argument causative sentences of the Austronesian languages in Taiwan because examples of four argument causative sentences were found only in Puyuma, Sakijaya, and Saroan references. However, considering only the examples found, there was a commonality in that the causer appeared as the genitive case in all three languages. After examining and classifying case types of causative arguments of Austronesian languages in Taiwan, this study compares them with the case types of causative arguments suggested by Dixon (2000:30-83). As a result, it was found that the case types of causative arguments of Austronesian languages in Taiwan and the case types of causative arguments suggested by Dixon only partially matched each other and most of them did not match.

칼 융(C. G. Jung)의 정신유형론에서 본 영성유형 분석

권용근 한국기독교교육학회 2011 기독교교육논총 Vol.26 No.-

This article started from interest to explore the different spiritual type of people in their faith lives. As characters differ from person to person, it can be assumed that the ways that people seek and experience God are different as their characters. Then what kind of dispositions are there and how do characters of people react to such dispositions? And how do reactions toward God and religious tendency differently represented according to dispositions of people? These questions are the fundamental questions as writing this article. For such a discussion this article explored from Hippocrates’s “Trait’s Theory”, the classic of disposition, to Lee Je-ma’s “Physical Constitution”. Further, it looked at the spiritual types of people who respond to the calling of God according to their characters and dispositions. While there are diversities in spiritual types, it was revealed that such diversities are related to individual’s characters and dispositions. For the study, C. G. Jung’s Mental Type Theory. As his study not only has depth and width in character theories compare to other psychologists but also contains religious aspect of psychology, it provides good ground for analyzing spiritual types and guiding principles according to different spiritual types. C. G. Jung’s Psychological Type Theory regards ration and feeling which are categorized as reasonable functions; intuition and senses which are categorized as unreasonable functions, as central functions. In order to process the 4 functions there are introvert tendency and extrovert tendency and with the tendencies 8 types of characters occur. Linking with the 8 types by C. G. Jung, there are 8 types of spirituality which are: spirituality of naturalism, spirituality of meditation, spirituality of action, spirituality of intelligence, spirituality of traditionalism, spirituality of abstinence, spirituality of philanthropy, and spirituality of passion. In order to gain the more type of spirituality study of MBTI and more application through the study would be possible. While C. G. Jung’s Psychological Type Theory has contrasting structure from displayed characters, development of potential inferior part which is in the unconsciousness is also significant. If one dismisses the underplayed inferiority, it could lead to losing balance of character and further to the breakup of character as conflict of unconsciousness occurs unexpectedly. Thus C. G. Jung asserts that all individuals shall balance contrasting structures through the process of intensifying character uniqueness. This way, individuals will be able to reach to coherency of individual. As well, one will be able to reach to the wholeness when spiritual guidance does not incline to any side in contrasting structure and keep the balance. 이 글은 사람들이 신앙생활을 함에 있어 표현되는 영성의 유형에 대한 관심으로 시작해 탐색해 본 글이다. 사람의 성격이 다 다르듯이 개인이 지닌 성격적 특성에 따라 하나님을 찾아가는 방법이나 체험의 방식도 다르게 나타나는 것으로 전제해 볼 수 있다. 그러면 사람들에게는 어떠한 기질들이 있으며 그 기질에 따른 성격의 반응들이 어떻게 다르게 나타나는가? 그리고 사람들의 다른 기질에 따라 하나님에 대한 반응과 신앙적 성향은 어떻게 달리 나타나는가? 이런 물음들은 본 글을 서술해 가는 모든 과정의 기저에 있는 물음이다. 이에 대한 논의를 위해서 본 글에서는 기질에 대한 가장 고전적인 히포크라테스의 기질론에서 시작하여 이제마의 체질론을 찾아보았다. 그리고 인간의 성격과 기질에 따라 하나님을 찾아가고 하나님의 부르심에 응답하는 사람들의 영성유형들을 살펴보았다. 영성의 유형들은 다양한 차이가 있는데 이러한 차이에 대한 이해는 각자가 가진 기질과 성격과 관련되어 나타남을 살펴보았다. 이 부분에 대한 연구의 근거로는 칼 융의 정신유형론을 통하여 많은 내용들을 찾아 볼 수 있었다. 왜냐하면 칼 융의 정신유형론은 다른 심리학자들보다 성격이론에 관해 넓이와 깊이를 지니고 있을 뿐만 아니라 그의 분석심리학은 인간의 심층적인 종교성의 문제까지 함축하고 있어 영성의 유형분석과 지도 원리를 찾기에는 아주 좋은 지반을 제공해 주고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 칼 융의 정신유형론은 정신의 합리적기능인 사고와 감정, 그리고 비합리적 기능인 직관과 감각의 4가지 기능을 중심기능으로 보고 있다. 그리고 이를 처리하는 정신적 태도로서 내향성과 외향성이 있는데 이들을 접합시키면 8가지 유형들이 나오게 된다. 칼 융의 8가지 유형과 연관시켜 찾아본 영성의 유형은 자연주의 영성, 묵상주의 영성, 행동주의 영성, 지성주의 영성, 전통주의 영성, 금욕주의 영성, 박애주의 영성, 열정주의 영성들이 있었는데 이 들을 구분해서 그 성격들을 볼 수 있었다. 영성의 유형들을 더 세분화시켜서 연구하려면 융의 분석심리학에 기초한 MBTI 조사 방법을 원용하면 더 많은 유형의 내용들을 얻어낼 수 있을 것이다. 또한 칼 융의 정신유형론은 모두가 대극구조를 갖고 있는데 드러난 모습도 중요하지만 잠재되어 있는 열등한 부분에 대한 개발도 매우 중요한 것이었다. 만약 이를 소홀히 하게 되어 예상치 않은 시간과 자리에서 무의식적 충동이 일어나면 인격의 균형을 상실하고 무너질 수 도 있다. 그래서 칼 융은 모든 인격은 개성화 과정을 통해서 대극의 균형을 회복하고 전일성에 가도록 해야 한다고 한다. 마찬가지로 인간의 영적성장과 지도도 다양한 대극구조 속에서 극단으로 치우치지 않고 균형 잡힌 모습으로 지도하고 성장할 수 있을 때에 온전함에 이를 수 가 있을 것이다.

ISBD 및 RDA 내용유형 및 매체유형 기술 테스트를 통한 KCR4의 고려사항에 관한 연구

이미화 한국문헌정보학회 2013 한국문헌정보학회지 Vol.47 No.3

This study was to compare the description of content types(content forms) and media types of RDA and ISBD in order to revise GMD of KCR4. Test and survey were conducted as the research methods for comparing content types and media types description of RDA and ISBD. As a result, RDA content types description is better than ISBD in aspects of uniformity and correct rates. Especially, detailed list of content types in RDA could make the resources to be expressed completely, but content forms with adding the content qualification in ISBD could make the resource to be expressed with many errors. Therefore, there were some considerations to describe content types. First, content types terms in RDA need to be specified more. Second, some detailed rules need to be regulated on the combination of content qualification of ISBD. Third, the mapping tables between RDA content types and ISBD content forms need to be revised. Fourth, RDA content types list will be more applicable in KCR4 based on the uniformity and correct rates in the test. This study will contribute to analyze and suggest RDA and ISBD terms list of content types and media types for KCR4. 본 연구는 RDA 및 ISBD 자원유형 기술방안을 비교하여 KCR4 자원유형 기술을 위한 방안을 마련하고자 하였다. RDA 혹은 ISBD 규칙의 내용유형(내용형식), 매체유형을 비교하기 위해 테스트 및 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 ISBD에 비해 RDA가 내용유형 기술에서 일관성과 정확성이 높았다. 특히, RDA 내용유형 리스트는 상세한 용어로 구성되어 있어 자원의 내용을 풍부하게 표현할 수 있었지만, ISBD는 내용한정어를 결합하여 기술해야 하기 때문에 오류가 많았다. 결과적으로 RDA 및 ISBD로 내용유형 기술시 고려할 사항은 다음과 같았다. 첫째, RDA의 내용유형 용어 리스트가 보다 구체화되어야 한다. 둘째, ISBD 내용한정어 기술에 관한 명확한 세부 규정이 마련되어야 한다. 셋째, RDA와 ISBD 매핑표에서 ISBD의 내용형식에 내용한정어가 기술되어 있지만 정확한 매핑을 위해서는 일부 수정이 필요하다. 넷째, 국내 자원유형 기술방식에서 RDA와 같이 일관성과 정확성이 높은 용어리스트를 사용할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 KCR4 내용유형 및 매체유형 기술방식으로 적합한 용어리스트를 모색하기 위해 2개 규칙의 자원유형 기술방법을 비교분석하고 고려사항을 제안하였다는데 그 의의가 있겠다.

朝鮮朝 한글活字 版本을 통해 본 活字鑄造法의 技術的 發展에 관한 考察

강순애 한국서지학회 2008 서지학연구 Vol.39 No.-

In this research, to investigate the technical development of casting Hangeul movable types in Hangeul movable printing editions in the Joseon Period, analyzed are:ⅰ) the Hangeul movable printing books in the Jeseon period; ⅱ) the technical development of casting Hangeul movable types; and ⅲ) the existing Hangeul movable types and use of tunnel-shaped Hangeul movable types. Since the invention of the Korean script, that is, Hunminjongeum, the Hangeul movable types were used and developed in combination with the Chinese characters movable types. In this research, the names, printing editions, kinds and shapes of the Hangeul movable types were examined for the periods before and after Imjin Waeran, and some important illustrations of the books printed in those movable types were included. To discuss the development of casting techniques, the four straight corners of ‘Hangeul metal movable type used in combination with the First-cast Gabin-ja types’, and the technique of prefabricated typesetting were examined. Also, studied were ‘Hangeul metal movable type used in combination with the Second-cast Gyongseo-ja types’ which partly tried the wedge-shaped back(that is, the shape of an upside-down V) and. the tunnel-shaped ‘Hangeul metal movable type used in combination with the Second-cast Jeongli-ja types’ after Imjin Waeran. It is assumed that these tunnel-shaped movable types were used for Hangeul types in combination with the Musin-ja types, but since then not used, and later became popular with Hangeul types in combination with the Jaeju Jeongli-ja types. The National Museum of Korea has approximately 750 Hangeul movable types. About 30 of them are confirmed to be the Kyongseo-Hangeul-ja types recast on the base of Hangeul types in combination with Ulhae-ja types. Ant the rest were confirmed to be mostly Hangeul types used in combination with the Musin-ja types which had the tunnel-shaped back, different from Hangeul types cast before Imjin Waeran. They, however, failed in test so as not to be generally used for printing books in the late Joseon Period. The method and technique of casting tunnel-shaped metal types were applied to cast various Chinese characters metal types, including Imjin-ja, Jeongyu-ja and ‘Hangeul metal movable type used in combination with the Jaeju Jeongli-ja types.’ It is expected that the results from this research could be used for conducting further new and experimental studies of Hangeul movable types cast and used in the Jeseon Period. 본 연구는 朝鮮朝 한글活字 版本을 통해 본 活字鑄造法의 技術的 發展에 관한 考察을 다루기 위해 朝鮮朝 한글活字 版本의 개관, 한글活字 鑄造法의 技術的 發展, 현존 한글活字와 터널형 한글活字의 활용에 대해서 살펴본 것이다. 조선조 한글활자는 훈민정음 창제 이후 많은 판본에 한문활자와 병용되면서 사용되고 발전되었다. 조선조 한글활자의 명칭, 판본, 종류 및 모양이 임진왜란 이전과 이후로 나누어 연구되었고, 중요한 판본의 도판이 수록되었다. 활자주조법의 기술적 발전은 初鑄甲寅字 병용 한글字의 四隅平正형과 조립식 조판법, 乙亥字 병용 한글字를 바탕으로 재주한 경서한글자에서 일부 시도된 쐐기형(역 V자형), 임진왜란 이후의 再鑄整理字 병용 한글字에서 시도된 터널형의 동활자에 대해 고찰하였다. 특히 터널형의 활자는 戊申字 병용 한글字에 응용되었지만 그 이후에 사용되지 않다가 再鑄整理字 병용 한글字에 와서 일반화된 것으로 추정하였다. 현재 국립중앙박물관에 남아 있는 한글 활자는 750여자이다. 그중 30자는 을해자 병용 한글 활자를 바탕으로 재주한 經書한글자로 여겨지고, 남은 720여 활자의 대부분은 무신자 병용 한글활자로 확인되었다. 무신자 병용 한글활자는 임진왜란 이전에 주조된 한글활자와는 달리 활자 뒷면이 터널형으로 되어 있다. 이 터널형 활자는 실험에 실패하여 조선조 후기에 인출된 판본에 제대로 활용되지 못하였다. 그 주성방법과 기술은 조선조 후기의 임진자와 정유자를 비롯한 여러 한문활자에 응용되었고, 한글활자에서는 재주정리자 병용 한글자에 활용된 것임을 밝혔다. 본 연구의 결과는 조선 한글활자 전반의 기초적인 연구 및 후속 실험 연구의 근간을 제공하는데 필요한 데이터로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

영상디자인 분야 직무평가 유형 및 특성 연구

김지윤 한국애니메이션학회 2019 애니메이션연구 Vol.15 No.3

In order for the domestic film and media design field to be competitive in the global market, competent human resources must be developed. In addition, the goal of the company should be shared with individuals to produce successful results. Most of all, we need to evaluate performance and reward it in a different way so that employees can get back on track. Therefore, the role of fair and objective job evaluation is important for this process to be successful. This research studied the job evaluation types and characteristics that are considered by film and media designers through Q methodology. Thirty-eight Q samples were presented to 29 P samples and were classified into four types. According to the study results, type 1 focuses on individual assessment based on objective criteria. Type 2 is important to the job evaluation system and process, so even small companies should have such a job evaluation system. Type 3 is the absolute preferred type of evaluation that follows objective evaluation criteria. Type 4 focuses on group assessment rather than individual assessment because film and media designers collaborate with each other as a team. Of the types of job evaluation, types 3 and 4 were derived in a different way from previous studies. Type 1 and 2 are the types that can implement the goal of job evaluation, compensation, and increased overall task capability, while types 3 and 4 that prefer absolute evaluation and group evaluation are not. Types 3 and 4 have coincided with structural culture in the field of film and media design. The preceding job evaluation study considers types 1 and 2 as ideal types for performance-related operations. These types of job evaluations may be ideal for medium and large sized companies. However, the field of film and media design has mostly less than nine employees. People in this field think that the relative and personal assessment of the same work in a small organization is meaningless. Thus, in this field, types 3 and 4 were also found to be considered ideal types. 국내 상디자인 분야가 글로벌 시장에서 경쟁력을 갖추려면 능력 있는 인재를 개발하고 조직의 목표를 개인과 공유해 성과를 내야 한다. 또한 성과를 평가하고 차등적으로 보상하여 지속적 성과를 위한 동기를 부 여해야 한다. 그러므로 이러한 과정이 잘 이루어지려면 무엇보다도 공정하고 객관적인 직무평가의 역할이 중요하 다. 본 연구는 상디자이너들이 생각하는 공정하고 객관적 직무평가의 방법은 무엇인지 알아보고자 하다. 따라 서 사람의 주관적 인식을 연구하는 Q방법론을 통해 상디자인 분야의 직무평가 유형과 특징을 도출하다. 38 개의 Q표본을 29명의 P표본에게 제시한 결과, 4개의 선호 유형으로 분류되었다. 1유형은 객관적 기준에 근거한 철저한 개별 평가를 중요하게 인식한다. 2유형은 직무평가 체계와 평가 프로세스를 중요하게 생각해 규모가 작은 회사라도 이러한 직무평가시스템을 갖춰야 한다고 생각한다. 3유형은 객관적 평가기준에는 근거하나 절대평가가 더 적합하다 생각한다. 4유형은 상디자인은 팀 협업으로 이루어지기 때문에 개인의 평가보다는 그룹 평가를 중 요시한다. 상디자인 분야의 직무평가 선호유형 중 3, 4유형은 선행연구와는 다른 양상으로 도출되었다. 1, 2유 형은 직무평가의 궁극적 목적인 결과와 보상, 조직전반의 업무능력 신장을 구현할 수 있는 유형인 반면 절대평가 및 그룹평가를 선호하는 3, 4유형은 그렇지 못하다. 3, 4유형은 상디자인 분야의 구조적 문화와 맞물려 도출된 유형이라고 분석된다. 선행 직무평가 연구는 성과주의 조직 운을 위해 1, 2 유형을 적합한 유형으로 생각한다. 중·대기업이라면 이러한 1, 2 유형의 직무평가가 적합하겠으나 상디자인 분야 사업체는 9인 이하의 소기업이 대부분이다. 상디자인 분야 종사자들은 소규모 조직에서 동일업무에 대한 상대평가 및 개인평가는 무의미하다 고 생각하는 것이다. 따라서 상디자인 분야에서는 3, 4 유형도 적합한 유형으로 생각하는 것으로 나타났다.

한국 금속활자 始原의 원천기술 및 興德寺字의 鑄造法에 관한 연구

김성수 한국서지학회 2013 서지학연구 Vol.54 No.-

This study is designed to investigate the problem about original technique of Korean metal movable type and casting process of Heungdeoksa-ja Types(興德寺字). Major findings are follows:First, Coin’s casting process influenced Korean metal movable types casting process and this method was established from 1102, the time Haedong-Tongbo(海東通寶) was made, 1211, the time Nammyeong-Song-Jeungdoga was printed in Jeungdoga-ja Types. In other words, this study determines that publishing period was 12th century. Second, this study concentrates on casting process of Heungdeoksa-ja Types. Jikji was printed in Heungdeoksa-ja Types. As a result, Jikji’s print quality is that each metal movable types’ heights were different because of casting method like ‘sand mould casting(鑄物沙鑄造法)’, so using these different matal movable types caused Jikji’s print quality. On the other hand, this study shows that each metal movable type’s heights were almost uniform if metal movable type are made by using ‘lost-wax casting(蜜蠟鑄造法)’. Therefore, this study points that Jikji’s metal movable types is not related to ‘lost-wax casting’. In short, this study insists that Heungdeoksa-ja Types was made by using other method of types founding like ‘sand mould casting’. 이 논문은 한국 금속활자 시원(始原)의 원천기술에 관한 문제 및 「직지」를 인쇄한 ‘흥덕사자(興德寺字)’의 주조(鑄造) 방법을 고찰한 연구이다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국 금속활자 시원의 원천기술은 동전(海東通寶)의 주성법(鑄成法: 鑄錢術)에서 비롯되어 주자법(鑄字法)으로 진화하였으며, 고려의 해동통보가 주조된 1102년에서부터 ‘증도가자(證道歌字)’로 「남명송증도가」를 인쇄한 1211년 사이, 즉 12세기의 그 어느 시기에 성립되었을 것임을 파악하였다. 둘째, 금속활자본 「직지」를 인쇄한 ‘흥덕사자’의 활자주조법을 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 금속활자본 「직지」의 인쇄상태는, 주물사주조법 등에 의하여 주조됨으로써 그 활자의 높이가 일정하지 않고, 이러한 활자들을 식자․조판하면서 그 조판면을 수평으로 조정하지 않은 상태에서 인쇄할 때 나타나는 현상임을 파악하였다. 반면에, 밀랍주조법으로 활자를 주조할 때에는 각 활자의 높이가 거의 균정(均整: 1㎜를 벗어나지 않는 오차범위 이내)함을 확인하였다. 따라서 「직지」를 인쇄한 활자는 밀랍주조법에 의한 것이 아님을 파악할 수 있었다. 요컨대, ‘흥덕사자’는 주물사주조법 등 제3의 활자주조법으로 주조되었을 개연성이 농후함을 확인하였다.

正祖의 生生字・整理字 제작과 中國活字 購入

이재정 한국사연구회 2010 한국사연구 Vol.151 No.-

Following the production of metal printing types (Gyemija) in 1403, the Joseon Dynasty continued to produce types under state supervision, as printing types, particularly metal types, symbolized the authority of the king during the Joseon Dynasty. During his time as Crown Prince, King Jeongjo had 150,000 pieces of printing types-Imjinja-produced. Even after he acceded to the throne, he led the production of hundreds of thousands of printing types. It is not easy to find a similar case of production of so many printing types under a king anywhere in the world. King Jeongjo was much interested in publication and printing, but that was not the only reason for such mass production of printing types. Although he took to the throne amid threats from his opponents, he strove to reinforce the strength of the king throughout his reign. He held the belief that the king is the master of all his subjects in an attempt to reinforce the strength of the king and encourage the spread of academic learning throughout the country. He wrote various books and led the publication of books, in addition to importing many literary works from China. According to records, the country imitated the methods of printing type production used in China and purchased printing types from that country during the reign of King Jeongjo, amid an atmosphere conducive to the accommodation of China's more advanced civilization and culture. This paper attempts to shed light on the significance of Saengsaengja, wooden printing types produced under the reign of King Jeongjo, and Jeongnija, metal printing types produced based on the Saengsaengja, amid the aforesaid atmosphere. First of all, the two printing types (Jeongnija and Saengsaengja), which were improved versions of earlier printing types, helped save a considerable amount of time and effort. As a result, the country was able to produce a larger number of books and use them, along with more modern ones, in the printing of official gazettes. Second, Jeongnija in particular was closely associated with King Jeongjo's aim of reinforcing the strength of the king in terms of the name and the purpose of production. The printing type was produced for the production of the Jeongni uigwe(The Royal Protocol of King Jeongjo's Visit to His Father's Tomb in the Year Eulmyo), which symbolizes the strengthened royal power. Third, the two printing types followed the methods of production of Sikuquanshu juzhenban (Procedures of Gem Print Editions from the Wu-ying Palace) and the typeface used in Kangxi zidian (Kangxi Dictionary of Chinese Characters)of China. Most of the fonts of the printing types used during the Joseon Period followed the Chinese ones. However, there were no examples of following even the Chinese methods of printing type production, according to Joseon records. It is chiefly associated with the effort of the Bukhakpa (The Northern School of Learning) to adopt the more advanced culture and civilization of China and partly with the fact that China did not produce printing types in a large number in the past. According to historical records, Joseon imported wooden printing types from China on two instances shortly before the production of the two abovementioned printing types. The period in which Joseon imported the printing types and dispatched royal emissaries to China is studied in this paper, and consequently, it is found that Seo Ho-su(徐浩修) and Park Je-ga(朴齊家) presumed to have played a role in the import of Chinese wooden types. The two were scholars involved in the production of Saengsaengja and Jeongnija. They belonged to Bukhakpa and took a positive attitude in the import of Chinese culture and civilization. In consideration of the fact that the import of Chinese printing types directly preceded the country's production of the two printing types, it is highly likely that they were acquired chiefly for reference purposes during the production of the two printing types. At that time, wooden prin...

戊申字의 復元에 관한 實驗的 硏究

박문열 한국서지학회 2007 서지학연구 Vol.38 No.-

The purpose of this experimental research is to restore Mu-Sin metal types, recast from Gap-In movable metal types, with the focus on the method of casting. The major findings are as follows:(1) Mu-Sin metal types are copper movable types which Kim Jwamyeong started recasting from Gap-In movable metal types in the Sueo-Cheong in 1668(9th year of Hyeon-Jong's reign) and completed in July 1668 (9th year of Hyeon-Jong's reign).(2) Mu-Sin metal types consist of 66,100 types of large size and 46,600 types of small size, and were transferred from the Sueo-Cheong to the Gyoseo-Gwan in October 1672 (13th year of Hyeon-Jong's reign).(3) The method of sand casting was used to restore Mu-Sin metal types. For this experiment, used were compound metals (110 %) which consist of copper (80%), tin (15%) and lead (15%). The height of those types is about 0.8cm, their backs are the shape of an upside-down ‘U’, and the connections between the faces of types and bridges were experimented with both the one piece and two piece casting method. 본 연구는 四鑄甲寅字인 戊申字의 鑄造術 復元을 위한 實驗的 考察로 그 주요 內容은 다음과 같다.(1) 戊申字는 金佐明에 의해 守禦廳에서 顯宗 9(1668, 무신)년 봄부터 甲寅字를 改鑄하기 始作하여 同王 9(1668)년 8월에 완성된 銅活字이다.(2) 鑄成된 戊申字는 大字 66,100餘字와 小字 46,600餘字였으며, 顯宗 13(1672)년 10월에 守禦廳에서 校書館으로 移管되었다.(3) 戊申字의 鑄造術 復元을 위한 鑄造法은 鑄物砂鑄造法을 活用하였다. 金屬材料는 銅(80%)朱錫(15%)(15%)의 110% 實驗用 母合金을 사용하였다. 活字의 字高는 0.8㎝ 정도로, 활자의 背面은 逆‘U’形으로, 字面과 字脚의 連結法은 一體形과 分離形으로 實驗하였다.

신평년값(1991~2020년)을 이용한 우리나라 기후형 구분과 특성에 관한 연구

강권민,최영은,김유진,민숙주,최다솜,김기영,이도영 건국대학교 기후연구소 2021 기후연구 Vol.16 No.3

The purposes of this study were to classify detailed climate types over the Republic of Korea (ROK) and to delineate their climate characteristics using the new normals of 1991-2020 for 219 weather stations. Total five climate types, Cfa, Cfb, Cwa, Dwa, and Dwb were identified in ROK based on the Köppen’s climate classification criteria. Subtropical climate types, Cfa or Cwa types were broadly covered with 79.9% of 219 stations and the most of remaining stations were included in Dwa types which had a very cold winter and hot summer with wet conditions. In the Trewartha classification, four climate types were identified, one subtropical Cfa, and three temperate Doa, Dca, and Dcb types. Dcb types were found at four stations (Daegwallyeong, Taebaek, Jinburyeong, and Sabuk) in Taebak mountains indicating the extent of cool summer climate types with more stations in mountain areas. The climate characteristics by climate types only were presented the results from the Trewartha classification with the new normals and 66 ASOS stations because Köppen’s climate classification was not appropriate for ROK. The annual mean precipitation of Cfa was the greatest while Dcb the lowest among four types. The annual range was the greatest at Dca types while the smallest at Cfa due to the geographical varieties. More detailed climate types were located in ROK with 219 weather stations and the new normals (1991-2020). However, there were some limitation applying the criteria of Köppen’s and Trewartha’s climate classification to a very complex topographical region.