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Drynariae rhizoma increases immune response in mice.
An, Hyo-Jin,Lee, Gil-Goo,Lee, Kyung-Tae Natural Product Communications 2012 Natural product communications Vol.7 No.7
<P>Drynariae Rhizoma (DR), a traditional Korean herbal medicine, has long been used for vital energy and to strengthen health in Korea. However, it is still unclear how DR has the effects in experimental models. We examined the immune-enhancing effect of DR in mice using the forced swimming test (FST) and in vitro tests with peritoneal macrophages. After daily oral administration of DR, blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue were measured after the FST. The immobility time in the FST was significantly decreased in the DR-treated group (100 mg/kg) on the 3th days. DR (10 and 100 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase levels, which are accurate indicators of muscle damage. Further, we examined how DR regulates nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production and in mouse peritoneal macrophages. When DR was used in combination with recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma), there were noticeable cooperative productions of NO and TNF-alpha. These results suggest that DR improves immune function through the changes in indicators related to fatigue and the regulatory effects on immunological parameters, such as NO and TNF-alpha productions.</P>
Im, Soon Jae,Kim, Jae-Hoon,Kim, Min Young Natural Product Communications 2014 Natural product communications Vol.9 No.4
<P>In the bioethanol production process employing citrus peels, a large amount of enzymatic hydrolyzed residues is generated as waste material. The bioactive compounds, and antioxidant and anticancer activities of these residues were investigated in the present study. Hydrolyzed citrus residues exhibited similar antioxidant activity as the unhydrolyzed control, which was positively correlated to the contents of total phenols, flavonoids and total carotenoid. Some flavonoids (naringin, naringenin, hesperetin and neohesperidin) and two high value co-products (D-limonene and galacturonic acid) were detected only in hydrolyzed residues. In addition, hydrolyzed residues showed antiproliferative activity and sub-G1 arrest in human melanoma A375 and colon cancer HCT116 cells. These results provide an alternative use for hydrolyzed citrus residues in the functional food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.</P>
Park, Chang Ha,Kim, Young Seon,Li, Xiaohua,Kim, Haeng Hoon,Arasu, Mariadhas Valan,Al-Dhabi, Naif Abdullah,Lee, Sook Young,Park, Sang Un NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS 2016 Natural product communications Vol.11 No.6
<P>Carbohydrate sources play important roles in energy and growth of plants. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the optimal carbohydrate source in hairy root cultures (HRCs) of Scutellaria baicalensis infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain R1000. The hairy roots were cultured in half-strength B5 liquid medium supplemented with seven different carbohydrates sources (sucrose, fructose, glucose, galactose, sorbitol, mannitol and maltose), each at a concentration of 100 mM, in order to identify the best carbon sources for the production of major flavones, such as wogonin, baicalin and baicalein. Sucrose, galactose and fructose markedly influenced the production of major flavones and were therefore chosen for subsequent experiments. HRC growth and flavone accumulation were examined following culture with 30, 100 and 150 mM sucrose, galactose and fructose, respectively. From these data, 150 mM sucrose was found to be the optimal carbon source for the enhancement of baicalein production and growth of S. baicalensis HRCs. Fructose caused the greatest increase in baicalin accumulation. Additionally, galactose was the optimal carbon source for wogonin production. These results provide important insights into the optimal growth conditions, particularly the appropriate carbohydrate source, for S. baicalensis.</P>
Park, Chang Ha,Zhao, Shicheng,Yeo, Hyeon Ji,Park, Ye Eun,Baskar, Thanislas Bastin,Arasu, Mariadhas Valan,Al-Dhabi, Naif Abdullah,Park, Sang Un NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS 2017 Natural product communications Vol.12 No.4
<P>Three Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains were tested for their ability to transform the plant Morus alba L. and to induce production of the secondary metabolites betulin and betulinic acid. All the tested strains of A. rhizogenes (R1601, LBA9402 and R1000) were able to induce hairy root formation in leaf tissue explants. Strain LBA9402 had the highest rate of infection (92.7% +/- 8.8%), whereas strain R1601 had the lowest rate (87.4% +/- 9.3%). The highest number of hairy roots per explant (5.6 +/- 0.5) and the greatest root length (2.4 +/- 0.2 mm) were obtained with strain LBA9402. We also evaluated dry weight (a measure of growth) and betulin and betulinic acid production in hairy roots and found that the highest growth (167.8 +/- 14.5 mg/flask) occurred after infection with strain LBA9402. Furthermore the highest production of betulin (5.4 +/- 0.4 mg/g dry weight) and betulinic acid (2.3 +/- 0.2 mg/g dry weight) was noted using strain LBA9402. Among three elicitors, yeast extract showed the highest induction of betulin production (8.7 +/- 0.4 mg/g) and silver nitrate induced the highest yield of betulinic acid (4.1 +/- 0.2 mg/g). Our study showed that A. rhizogenes strain LBA9402 was the most effective of the three tested strains for production of transformed root cultures and betulin and betulinic acid.</P>
Bajpai, Vivek K,Kang, Sun Chul,Lee, Soon-Gu,Baek, Kwang-Hyun Natural Product Communications 2012 Natural product communications Vol.7 No.1
<P>This study was carried out to produce bioconverted products by microbial fermentation of tomato using a plant pathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum and to evaluate their in vitro antimycotic effect against pathogenic Candida species. The bioconverted products (500 microg/disc) provoked promising antimycotic effects against pathogenic isolates of Candida species as shown by the diameters of zones of inhibition (9 +/- 0.6 to 14 +/- 0.4 mm), along with their respective minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentration values, which increased from 250 to 1000 and 250 to 2000 microg/mL, respectively. With the viable counts of the tested fungal pathogens, exposure of the bioconverted products revealed a remarkable antimycotic effect. In addition, the morphology of a clinical isolate of C. glabrata KBN06P00368, visualized by scanning electron microscopy, showed a severe detrimental effect produced by the bioconverted products at the minimum inhibitory concentration (250 microg/mL). The bioconverted products significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of all the tested clinical and pathogenic laboratory isolates of Candida species. This study confirmed the potent antimycotic efficacy of the bioconverted products of tomato, hence justifying the therapeutic uses of bioconverted products in pharmaceutical preparations as an alternative approach to support the antifungal activity of conventional antimycotics.</P>
Anti-melanogenesis constituents from the seaweed Dictyota coriacea.
Ko, Ryeo Kyeong,Kang, Min-Chul,Kim, Sang Suk,Oh, Tae Heon,Kim, Gi-Ok,Hyun, Chang-Gu,Hyun, Jin Won,Lee, Nam Ho Natural Product Communications 2013 Natural product communications Vol.8 No.4
<P>This study was conducted to identify the anti-melanogenesis constituents from a seaweed Dictyota coriacea (Holmes). Three known compounds, viz. 1,9-dihydroxycrenulide (1), epiloliolide (2) and D-mannitol (3), were isolated from the ethanol extract. The melanin synthesis inhibition activities were evaluated using B16F10 melanoma cells for the isolates. Compared with the positive control, arbutin, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited more potency, showing 27.8 and 22.6% inhibition activities at a substrate concentration of 30 microg/mL. Our studies also indicate that these compounds are not cytotoxic. Hence, they might prove to be useful therapeutic agents for treating hyperpigmentation and effective components of whitening cosmetics.</P>
Han, Dandan,Tian, Minglei,Park, Dong Wha,Row, Kyung Ho Natural Product Communications 2013 Natural product communications Vol.8 No.2
<P>A solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for the determination of procatechuic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid in Salicornia herbacea L. (Hamcho) has been developed. The optimal conditions were obtained by using a C18 SPE cartridge. By using ethanol and acetonitrile /water/ trifluoracetic acid as washing and eluting solvents, most interfering compounds originating from the hamcho matrix were eliminated. The extracts were sufficiently clean to be directly injected into the HPLC for further chromatographic analysis. Good linearity was obtained from 0.1 to 200 microg/mL (r > 0.999) for procatechuic acid, 0.2 to 400 microg/mL (r > 0.999) for caffeic acid and 0.3 to 600 microg/mL (r > 0.999) for ferulic acid, with the relative standard deviations being less than 3.6%. The mean recoveries of procatechuic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid from hamcho were more than 79.2% and the detection limit (S/N = 3:1) was 0.02 microg/mL for procatechuic acid, 0.01 microg/mL for caffeic acid and 0.04 microg/mL for ferulic acid. This method is a viable alternative to the existing HPLC methods for analyzing the content of procatechuic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid in hamcho.</P>
Inhibitory activity of benzophenones from Anemarrhena asphodeloides on pancreatic lipase.
Jo, Yang Hee,Kim, Seon Beom,Ahn, Jong Hoon,Liu, Qing,Hwang, Bang Yeon,Lee, Mi Kyeong Natural Product Communications 2013 Natural product communications Vol.8 No.4
<P>Pancreatic lipase is a key enzyme for lipid absorption by hydrolysis of total dietary fats. Therefore, inhibition of pancreatic lipase is suggested to be an effective therapy in the regulation of obesity. The EtOAc-soluble fraction of Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizomes significantly inhibited pancreatic lipase activity as assessed using porcine pancreatic lipase as an in vitro assay system. Further fractionation of the EtOAc-soluble fraction of A. asphodeloides led to the isolation of a new benzophenone glycoside, zimoside A (1), together with the eleven known compounds iriflophenone (2), 2,4',6-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (3), foliamangiferoside A (4), (2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)-methanone (5), 1,4,5,6,-tetrahydroxyxanthone (6), isosakuranetin (7), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (8), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (9), vanillic acid (10), tyrosol (11) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (12). Among the isolated compounds, 3, 5 and 10 showed significant inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity.</P>