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Chicken Embryo Lethality Assay for Determining the Virulence of Avian Escherichia coli Isolates
Wooley, R. E.,Gibbs, P. S.,Brown, T. P.,Maurer, J. J. JSTOR 2000 Avian diseases Vol.44 No.2
<P>Multiple isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of colibacillosis and E. coli from the intestinal tracts of normal broilers at slaughter were assayed by the embryo lethality test to determine their virulence. The assay was repeated five times in order to establish reproducibility and determine the statistical parameters of the test. This study showed that the inoculation of approximately 100 colony-forming units in the allantoic cavity of 12-day-old embryos discriminated between virulent and avirulent E. coli isolates. Gross lesions included cranial and skin hemorrhages in addition to encephalomalacia in embryos inoculated with virulent isolates. Abnormalities were observed by microscopic examination of the heart, brain, and liver in embryos inoculated with virulent isolates. Analysis of data indicated that the length of the test should be 4 days. In the virulent group, day 2 postinoculation had the most significant death patterns. Sample size calculations indicated that 11 embryos are sufficient for the assay. On the basis of death rates, isolates considered to be avirulent had an embryo death rate of <10%, moderately or secondary pathogens had a 10%-29% death rate, and virulent isolates had a death rate of >29%. An important aspect of this assay is the accessibility of good-quality fertile embryonated eggs.</P>
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Dimier, Isabelle H.,Quere, Pascale,Naciri, Muriel,Bout, Daniel T. JSTOR 1998 Avian diseases Vol.42 No.2
<P>Pretreatment of chicken macrophages or fibroblasts with supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells or from the virus-transformed cell line reticuloen-dotheliovirus as source of interferon gamma (IFN-&ggr;) slows down subsequent sporozoite replication in the cells. To identify the presence of IFN-&ggr;, we combined four typical activities of IFN-&ggr;: inhibition of cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus on IFN-&ggr;-treated fibroblasts, cytostatic activity of IFN-&ggr;-activated macrophages, induction of major histocompatibility complex II antigen expression on IFN-&ggr;-activated fibroblasts and macrophages, and induction of nitrite production in macrophages. We have shown that chicken fibroblasts and macrophages possess a microbiostatic capacity once they are able to prevent the otherwise unchecked intracellular replication of Eimeria tenella following activation with culture supernatants identified as containing a strong IFN-&ggr; activity. /// El pretratamiento de macrófagos aviares o de fibroblastos con sobrenadantes de células esplénicas estimuladas con concalabalina A o de una linea celular transformada por el virus de retículoendoteliosis como una fuente de interferón gama (IFN-&ggr;), disminuye la replicación subsecuente de los esporozoitos en las células. Para identificar la presencia de IFN-&ggr;, se combinaron cuatro actividades típicas de IFN-&ggr;: inhibición del efecto citopático del virus de estomatitis vesicular sobre fibroblastos tratados con IFN-&ggr;, actividad citostática de macrófagos activados por IFN-&ggr;, inducción de la expresión del antígeno del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad II sobre macrófagos y fibroblastos activados con IFN-&ggr;, e inducción de la producción de nitrito en los macrófagos. Se demostró que los fibroblastos de pollo y los macrófagos poseen una capacidad microbiostática una vez que son capaces de prevenir la replicación intracelular de Eimeria tenella después de la activación con sobrenadantes de cultivos identificados con fuerte actividad de IFN-&ggr;.</P><P><B>[Romanized Abstract]</B></P><P>Pretreatment of chicken macrophages or fibroblasts with supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells or from the virus-transformed cell line reticuloen-dotheliovirus as source of interferon gamma (IFN-g) slows down subsequent sporozoite replication in the cells. To identify the presence of IFN-g, we combined four typical activities of IFN-g: inhibition of cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus on IFN-g-treated fibroblasts, cytostatic activity of IFN-g-activated macrophages, induction of major histocompatibility complex II antigen expression on IFN-g-activated fibroblasts and macrophages, and induction of nitrite production in macrophages. We have shown that chicken fibroblasts and macrophages possess a microbiostatic capacity once they are able to prevent the otherwise unchecked intracellular replication of Eimeria tenella following activation with culture supernatants identified as containing a strong IFN-g activity. /// El pretratamiento de macrofagos aviares o de fibroblastos con sobrenadantes de celulas esplenicas estimuladas con concalabalina A o de una linea celular transformada por el virus de reticuloendoteliosis como una fuente de interferon gama (IFN-g), disminuye la replicacion subsecuente de los esporozoitos en las celulas. Para identificar la presencia de IFN-g, se combinaron cuatro actividades tipicas de IFN-g: inhibicion del efecto citopatico del virus de estomatitis vesicular sobre fibroblastos tratados con IFN-g, actividad citostatica de macrofagos activados por IFN-g, induccion de la expresion del antigeno del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad II sobre macrofagos y fibroblastos activados con IFN-g, e induccion de la produccion de nitrito en los mac
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Goo,,Kishore,,Rao,,Nam, JSTOR 2009 MIS Quarterly Vol.33 No.1
<P>This study extends the view that formal contracts and relational governance function as complements rather than as substitutes. We investigate how specific characteristics of service level agreements (SLAs) impact relational governance in information technology outsourcing relationships. Eleven contractual elements (categorized into three SLA characteristics: foundation, change, and governance characteristics) are hypothesized to act as complements of three relational governance attributes: relational norms, harmonious conflict resolution, and mutual dependence. Data for the study were collected through a survey of South Korean IT executives. Results of the study support the fundamental proposition of complementarity between formal contracts and relational governance, and indicate that well-structured SLAs have significant positive influence on the various aspects of relational governance in IT outsourcing relationships. However, the study also reveals that change characteristics of SLAs may act as a substitute for relational governance as these characteristics were found to dampen the level of trust and commitment through moderation effects. Overall, the findings support the proposition that well-developed SLAs not only provide a way to measure the service provider's performance, but also enable effective management of outsourcing engagements through the development of partnership-style relationships with high levels of trust and commitment.</P>
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