Effect of light illumination and camera moving speed on soil image quality

정선옥,조기현,정기열,Chung, Sun-Ok,Cho, Ki-Hyun,Jung, Ki-Yuol Institute of Agricultural Science 2012 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.39 No.3

Soil texture has an important influence on agriculture such as crop selection, movement of nutrient and water, soil electrical conductivity, and crop growth. Conventionally, soil texture has been determined in the laboratory using pipette and hydrometer methods requiring significant amount of time, labor, and cost. Recently, in-situ soil texture classification systems using optical diffuse reflectometry or mechanical resistance have been reported, especially for precision agriculture that needs more data than conventional agriculture. This paper is a part of overall research to develop an in-situ soil texture classification system using image processing. Issues investigated in this study were effects of sensor travel speed and light source and intensity on image quality. When travel speed of image sensor increased from 0 to 10 mm/s, travel distance and number of pixel were increased to 3.30 mm and 9.4, respectively. This travel distances were not negligible even at a speed of 2 mm/s (i.e., 0.66 mm and 1.4), and image degradation was significant. Tests for effects of illumination intensity showed that 7 to 11 Lux seemed a good condition minimizing shade and reflection. When soil water content increased, illumination intensity should be greater to compensate decrease in brightness. Results of the paper would be useful for construction, test, and application of the sensor.

Prospects of Triticale as Fodder and Feed in Farming of Bangladesh

나지아 타바섬,로미즈 우딘,김은순,Tabassum, Nazia,Uddin, Md. Romij,Gim, Uhn-Soon Institute of Agricultural Science 2008 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.35 No.1

트리티케일은 호밀과 밀의 교잡에 의한 작물로서, 방글라데시에서 조사료 및 곡물로 재배가능하나 농가재배는 아직 시범단계에 있는 상태이다. 본 논문은 방글라데시농업에 있어서 비전통적인 작물로서 트리티케일의 재배 현황을 검토하고 최근 몇 년간의 시험연구 자료에 의거하여 트리티케일이 축산조사료와 곡물사료로 사용됨에 따르는 경제성을 비교하였다. 트리티케일과 밀 옥수수 재배의 수익성을 비교한 결과 트리티케일이 가장 높고 다음은 옥수수, 밀의 순으로 나타났다. 트리티케일의 재배대안별 수익성은 파종후 2회(파종후 35일째와 50일째 절단) 조사료로 절단 재배(4.9~20.2 t/ha)하고 이어서 곡물(1.1~2.4 t/ha)로서 재배하는 경우가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 이때 B/C ratio는 1.62로 나타나서 경제성이 있다는 것을 입증했다. 한편 시범농가재배결과에 의하면 트리티케일을 젖소의 조사료로서 사용한 경우가 볏짚을 사용한 경우보다 젖소의 우유생산량과 젖소의 체중을 36~46% 포인트 증가시키는 결과를 가져왔다. 아울러 트리티케일은 방글라데시 양계사육에 있어서 밀을 대체할 수 있는 좋은 곡물사료로 나타났다. 시험연구결과와 시범농가재배결과에 의하면 트리티케일을 조사료와 동시에 곡물로 이중목적으로 재배하는 것이 방글라데시 축산업에서 만성화 되어있는 조사료부족(특히 건기)현상을 경감할 뿐 아니라 소규모 방글라데시 농가의 소득에도 기여할 수 있는 잠재성이 있다고 판단된다. This paper reviews the present situation of Triticale cultivation and examines the potentiality of contribution to livestock as well as poultry sector in Bangladesh Agriculture. Triticale is a human-made cross between rye and durum wheat that has the ability to produce quality green fodder, and then re-grow after first and second cutting to produce grain. In Bangladesh, it is a non-traditional cereal that grows well during the cool and dry Rabi season (November-March) when fodder and feed scarcity is a major limiting factor for ruminant livestock. In Bangladesh Triticale was started to grow in the late Ninety's. The scientists of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) were first introduced triticale in Bangladesh. Still now the situation of Triticale is grown as fooder and feed in Bangladesh within the scientists under trial. High quality grass fodder was obtained by cutting green triticale plants twice, at 35 and 50 days after seeding, while later the ratooning tillers produced grain to a yield of 1.1-2.4 t/ha of grain for poultry feed or human food. Triticale straw was twice as nutritious as rice or wheat straw and its grain contained more protein than other cereals. Researchers and farmers have also successfully made triticale hay and silage from a mixture of triticale green cuttings, rice straw and molasses. A feeding trial at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI), Savar station showed a large(46%) increase in cow live weight gain and a 36% increase in milk yield (but no change in milk quality or dry matter intake) in cows fed triticale silage compared with those fed rice straw over a period of nine weeks. In another feeding trial, it was found that triticale grain was a good replacement for wheat in the feed blend for chickens in Bangladesh. So it will be a good chance to alive our livestock as well as poultry sector if triticale enters to our existing cropping system as fodder cum grain. The challenge in Bangladesh is to identify fodder technologies that match existing small-scale farmer cropping patterns without needing major inputs or increasing risks. Preliminary field experiments revealed that triticale is a crop with good potential to produce quality fodder and grain for small scale farmers in Bangladesh.

Management Strategies to Conserve Soil and Water Qualities in the Sloping Uplands in Korea

양재이,유진희,김시주,정덕영,Yang, Jae-E.,Ryu, Jin-Hee,Kim, Si-Joo,Chung, Doug-Young Institute of Agricultural Science 2010 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.37 No.3

Soils in the sloping uplands in Korea are subject to intensive land use with high input of agrochemicals and are vulnerable to soil erosion. Development of the environmentally sound land management strategy is essential for a sustainable production system in the sloping upland. This report addresses the status of upland agriculture and the best management practices for the uplands toward the sustainable agriculture. More than 60% of Korean lands are forest and only 21% are cultivating paddy and upland. Uplands are about 7% of the total lands and about 62% of the uplands are in the slopes higher than 7%. Due to the site-specificity of the upland, many managerial and environmental problems are occurring, such as severe erosion, shallow surface soils with rocky fragments, and loadings of non-point source (NPS) contaminants into the watershed. Based on the field trials, most of the sloping uplands were classified as Suitability Class III-V and the major limiting factor was slope and rock fragments. Due to this, soils were over-applied with N fertilizer, even though N rate was the recommendation. This resulted in decreases in yield, degradation of soil quality and increases in N loading to the leachate. Various case studies drew management practices toward sustainable production systems. The suggested BMP on the managerial, vegetative, and structural options were to practice buffer strips along the edges of fields and streams, winter cover crop, contour and mulching farming, detention weir, diversion drains, grassed waterway, and slope arrangement. With these options, conservation effects such as reductions in raindrop impact, flow velocity, runoff and sediment loss, and rill and gully erosion were observed. The proper management practice is a key element of the conservation of the soil and water in the sloping upland.

Insect natural enemies as bioindicators in rice paddies

Ueno, Takatoshi Institute of Agricultural Science 2012 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.39 No.4

In Asia, including Japan and Korea, rice paddies occupy the largest cultivated area in agricultural land. Rice paddies provide the habitats for many organisms including endemic species, sustaining high biodiversity. Insect natural enemies inhabiting rice paddies have an important function for rice production as agents of 'ecosystem services' because they play a major role in suppressing rice pests. The diversity and abundance of natural enemies can be a good index reflecting the 'healthiness' of agro-ecosystem services in rice paddies. The present study investigates whether insect natural enemies could be good biological indicators for general arthropod biodiversity and agricultural practice. First, the concept of ideal bio-indicators was summarized. The strategy to explore and select such bio-indicators was then proposed. Lastly, field survey was made to evaluate the abundance and biodiversity of natural enemies in Japanese rice paddies where chemical inputs, i.e., insecticide use, were different. The results showed that reduction of chemical inputs led to an increase in species richness or diversity of natural enemies including parasitoids and predators. Then, the data were analyzed to examine suitable indicator species to assess environmental soundness of agricultural practice and biodiversity in rice paddies. The density of several species of natural enemies did respond both to pesticide use and to general arthropod biodiversity. The analyses thus have indicated that natural enemies can be suitable as bio-indicators. Usefulness of indicator species in rice paddies is discussed in the context of ecologically sound agriculture.

Variation and Trends of Irrigation Requirements of Rice Paddies in Korea

Nkomozepi, Temba Darlington,Chung, Sang-Ok Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology 2013 慶北大農學誌 Vol.31 No.4

Understanding the temporal variability of agricultural parameters derived from historical climate data is important for planning in agriculture. Therefore, this study assessed the magnitude and recent trends of the transpiration ratio defined as the crop water use per harvested yield for the period from 1980 to 2010. The crop water use was estimated using the Food and Agriculture Organization's Crop Wat model for eight administrative provinces in Korea. The temporal trends and spatial uncertainty were explored using the Mann-Kendall and Theil Sen's methods. The regional average rice yield was $6.31t\;ha^{-1}$(range 5.9 to $6.9t\;ha^{-1}$). The results showed that the rice yield in Korea increased by $26kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Overall, the regional average transpiration ratio was $1,298m^3t^{-1}$ (range 1,162 to $1,470m^3t^{-1}$). From 1980 to 2010, the transpiration ratio decreased by $8.2m^3t^{-1}$ (range 2.7 to $14.4m^3t^{-1}$), largely as a result of the increasing yield. The statistical approach to historical data used in this study also provides a basis for simulating the future transpiration ratio.

Characteristics of woodland changes in an agricultural landscape - The case of Gwangju

이영창,정운주,김근호,Lee, Young-Chang,Jung, Woon-Joo,Kim, Keun-Ho Institute of Agricultural Science 2011 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.38 No.3

Recent landscape changes from human activities, such as agricultural development and urbanisation frequently result in the loss of habitats, the reduction in habitat patch size and an increasing isolation of habitat patches. However, there is little information on woodland changes in agricultural landscapes. Therefore, the aim of this research was to assess spatial characteristics and changes of woodland in an agricultural landscape and how these may have had an impact on ecological process for 33 years. One of the agricultural landscape character units was analysed based on aerial photographs from 1976, 1983, 1994, 2002 and 2009 in Gwangju city. The results indicated that landscape ecological metrics clearly showed that they could be used to monitor changes of woodland ecological conditions during the past 33 years. The results imply that particularly human activities have been leading to the decrease of the mean size of woodland patches and finally result in woodland isolation. These changes may have a negative impact on woodland bird species in the study area. This woodland information can be used to identify the potential and specific needs for setting priorities for conservation planning.

The Economic Feasibility Analysis of Crop Cultivation Practice Project in Pirganj and Kurigram Districts, Bangladesh

나지아 타바섬,임재환,김은순,Tabassum, Nazia,Lim, Jae-Hwan,Gim, Uhn-Soon Institute of Agricultural Science 2008 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.35 No.1

미국 농무성은 방글라데시의 Pirganj군과 Kurigram군에 작물재배기술을 보급하여 농민들의 소득을 향상시키고 작물의 수량을 제고하여 농민들의 식량을 자급 할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 2008년부터 2012년까지 4개년간 기술지원기금US$ 571,270을 제공할 계획이다. 이 사업의 주목적은 948ha, 임야개간 52ha 및 유휴지 345ha를 개발하고 농업생산기술을 지도 보급함으로써 농산물의 생산성을 제고시키고 가난한 1,059농가와 5,305명의 농촌농민들의 사회 경제적 생활조건을 개선시키는 것이다. 이 사업을 위하여 방글라데시의 미작연구소, 방글라데시 농업연구위원회, Rangpur Dinajpur 농촌 서비스 센터 및 농민단체들이 참여 하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 (1) 미곡, 밀, 옥수수, 엽연초 및 사탕수수의 생산성을 구명하고, (2) 작물 별 생산비와 소득을 추정하며, (3) 투입 산출물간의 상호관계를 구명하여 (3) 본 사업의 총 수익과 총 사업비를 비교함으로써 본 사업의 재무적 타당성 지표인 FIRR,NPV,B/C Ratio를 구명해 보고자 한다. 본 사업의 연간 순기대총편익은 US$ 33,028이다. 농산물 생산액의 총 증가액은 US$ 219,959이며 총 생산비증가액은 US$186,931로 추정되었다. 본 사업의 재무수익률은 경제분석기간을 15년으로 가정했을 경우 재무수익률(FIRR)이 26.15%로 추정되었으며, 이는 방글라데시의 할인율 10%보다 2.6배가 높게 나타났다. 방글라데시의 할인율을 10%로 볼 경우 B/C Ratio는 1.077이며 NPV는 US$ 101,663로 추정되었다. 따라서 본 사업은 방글라데시의 농촌경제를 활성화 시키고 가난한 농민들의 복지를 증대시키는데 있어 매우 중요한 농업정책으로써, 방글라데시의 타 지역에도 확대 보급함은 물론 재정적 지원을 지속해 나가야 할 것으로 판단된다. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) funded collaborative project on The Economic Feasibility Analysis of Crop Cultivation Practice Project in Pirganj and Kurigram Districts in Bangladesh will started during 2008-2012, for 4 years with total project cost of US$ 571,270. The project will be implemented in 6 villages; has 1,097 hectares areas which is divided into 948 hectares of agricultural land, 52 hectares of forest land and 345 hectares of other land, covered 1,059 households equal to 5,305 persons in Pirganj and Kurigram districts The project has proposed to be implemented in joint collaboration by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh with full participation of the farmers' groups of respective project site. The specific objectives of the project are: (1) to estimate the productivity of paddy, wheat, maize, tobacco and sugarcane (2) to determine the cost of production and returns to the above mentioned crops (3) to study the interrelationship between inputs and output of the above mentioned crops and (4) to examine the resource utilization patterns at farm level. In this project analysis, the net incremental profit is US$33,028. The expected incremental project benefit and incremented production cost are estimated as US$ 219,959 and US$ 186,931 respectively. The financial decision making criteria would be followed in this crop cultivation practice project. After the project implementation, the expected project benefits are assumed to be continued for 15 years. The benefit cost ratio (B/C) of the project is estimated at 1.077 (table 11) when using discount rate of 10% as an opportunity cost of capital in Bangladesh. FIRR of project is estimated at 26.15% which is bigger than the opportunity cost by more than double. So this project is financially feasible and acceptable. Therefore, this project should be extended to other areas to increase the farm income and economic growth of marginal poor farmers in Bangladesh.

Conservation and Utilization of Insect Pollinators for Promotion of Agricultural Production in Bangladesh

Amin, Md. Ruhul,Hossain, Md. Shamim,Suh, Sang Jae,Kwon, Yong Jung Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology 2014 慶北大農學誌 Vol.32 No.4

Agriculture in Bangladesh is slowly transforming to the production of high-value fruit and vegetable crops to satisfy the nutrient requirements of their large size population, and this transformation is creating new challenges as regards improving and maintaining the productivity and crop quality. The country has a declining trend of insect pollinators due to habitat loss, land use changes, monoculture-dominated agriculture, and the excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides. Such pollinator deficiencies can cause reduced yields, thereby threatening the subsistence of marginal farmers. In Bangladesh, growers enjoy free pollination services from the naturally occurring insect populations. While honeybees pollinate mustard, onions, and melons, many other hymenopterans, coleopterans, hemipterans, dipterans, and thysanopterans also visit the crop fields, making these insects significant for the food security, environment, and economy of the nation. Therefore, attention should be given to public policy, research, and human resource development that promotes knowledge and appreciation of the conservation and utilization of insect pollinators.

Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effects with LANDSAT and KOMPSAT-2 Data in Cheongju

나상일,박종화,Na, Sang-Il,Park, Jong-Hwa Institute of Agricultural Science 2012 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.39 No.1

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in human health, thermal environment, heat balance, global change studies, and as control for climate change. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects on the LST and NDVI in Cheongju, Korea. The aim was to evaluate the effect of urban thermal environment for LST comparison of satellite-derived and in situ measured temperature. In this study, LANDSAT TM and KOMPSAT scene were used. The results indicated that the minimum LST is observed over dense forest as about $21{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and maximum LST is observed over industrial area of about $28{\sim}32^{\circ}C$. The estimated LST showed that industrial area, bare soils and built-up areas exhibit higher surface temperatures, while forest, water bodies, agricultural croplands, and dense vegetations have lower surface temperatures during the summer daytime. Result corroborates the fact that LST over land use/land cover (LULC) types are greatly influenced by the amount of vegetation and water bodies present. The LST of industrial area and urban center is higher than that of suburban area, so it is clearly proved that there are obvious UHIE in Cheongju.

South Dakota Soils: Their Genesis, Classification, and Management

더글러스 D. 말로,유진희,김시주,정덕영,Malo, Douglas D.,Ryu, Jin-Hee,Kim, Si-Joo,Chung, Doug-Young Institute of Agricultural Science 2010 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.37 No.3

South Dakota is an important agricultural state in the United States with annual cash receipts from agricultural products exceeding $9 billion dollars. This production is possible because of large areas of productive soils. This publication describes the general characteristics and qualities of the major soil groups recognized in South Dakota. The soil forming factors are briefly described, soil classification is introduced, and the genesis of typical Udalf and Ustoll soils are discussed. Soil management issues impacting the use of SD soils are considered. Long-term (>70 yrs) cultivation has significantly reduced surface soil organic carbon levels (>30% reduction) when compared to non-cultivated soil. Soil test phosphorus levels significantly increased in cultivated fields due to commercial P fertilization. The major long-term production problems for SD soils are conservation of soil moisture, organic matter and nitrogen losses, fertility management, and wind and water erosion control.