商業地理學硏究序說

崔錫珍 동국지리학회 1985 東國地理 Vol.- No.6

Marketing geography is a specific field of economic georgraphy and it actually helps the geographers to solve problems related with marketing. Furthermore, it is given much weight, in to day's urban geography research, in terms of its usefulness for the explanation of the hierarchy, the functions and the patterns of an urban community. Marketing geography started to be researched and developed because of the earlier modern times' growing interest in the international trade, the wholesale and/or retail trade, and the marketing areas. Among them, marketing areas became the subject of a fullfledged research for the first time in 1930's. and further researches on that subject have been carried out, with much emphasis placed on the spatial system analysis through "Central Place Theory", especially since B.J.L Berry's research in the late 1950's. In case of Korea, the marketing geography was introduced first, in the late 1960's arousing some interest and has been researched since the late 1970's. But as a matter of fact, comprehensive researches on its specific fields are not sufficient yet. The research fields of the marketing geography are different according to the geographers. However, its specific fields of research can be roughly classified such as the marketing areas, the measurement of a trading area, the shopping street and the wholesale and/or retail trade, etc. In other worlds, the chief and important subject of research of the marketing geography is to examine closely the characteristic features of the commercial districts. To be more specific, to explain how the commercial activities such as a wholesale and a retail are done in the commercial districts. Nowaday's research trends on each field of the marketing geography are roughly as follows; 1. Trading areas are examined closely: The scope of the trading areas and their changes are closely measured and studied. Beside, the structures of the trading areas are characteristically explained in terms of point, line, surface and flow. 2. The characteristics and the functions of the markets, concerete as well as abstract, are explained in connection with the location features of the markets, and also the changes of the markets according to the times are searched. 3. Researches on the wholesale trade are not sufficient, compared with those on the retail trade. That is because the circulation volume of the wholesale trade is very large and its trading area is very broad and complicated. But in today's geographical research, many efforts are being made to explain the pecularities and the differences in from the initiation and the location of the wholesale trade to its changes. 4. The retail trade, an especially much interest-arousing field of the marketing geography, is a good subject to be researched fullfledgedly. The research on the retail trade needs placing an emphasis on its conditions of location, the specialization and development according to its patterns, the formation of its hierarchy and its distribution. Recently researches on the consumers' behavioural patterns are increasingly carried out. 5. shopping street is a place in which the wholesale and/or retail activities are collectively done, and it is thought very important as a symbol of an urban community. In economic geography, this shopping street is considered, in an economic and commercial aspect, to be an element of economic activities. The distributions and the commercial functions of this shopping street are regarded as very important as a spatial area of an urban community. Therefore, the shopping street has become the subject of research in various points of view. By the way, in the urban geography, the shopping street is closely studied, as a constitute of an urban community, centering around the aspect of its commercial functions. To conclude, the chief and important task the marketing geography should carry out is to research on the commercial activity districts and the shopping street which is a spatial base for the wholesale and/or retail trade. Researches on the marketing geography should actively be done. For this purpose, the materials and data which have been collected through the previous researches should be utilized very positively.

韓國 纖維工業의 立地分析

禹郁澤 동국지리학회 1984 東國地理 Vol.- No.5

This study aims to clarify the distribution and the process of the locational change of textile industry in Korea, to analyze with quantitative means the concentration and dispersion, the relative growth between regions and its relationships with business fluctuations, and investigate its relationships with city size and the locational linkages. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The distribution of textile industry in Korea is generally characterized by the two great axes, which coincide with the Gyeongbu and Honam expressway. Particularly, large cities on these axes have grown as the center of the distribution. Textile industry in Korea has developed with the restoration works after Korean War in 1950s and concentrated in large cities as an import-substitution and export industry in the latter part of 1960s. With this installation of such industrial estates and the continuous increase of foreign demands for textile products in 1970s, the growth of textile industry shows the somewhat slowdown in large cities and the acceleration in their peripheral regions, suburbs. the fact that the industry in Korea is distributed centering on large cities is due to its labor-intensive industrial characteristic, superior infrastructures in large cities, the industrial inertia as the early start location and the marketing facilities concerned with the import and the export. 2. In 1950s the gravity center of the location of textile industry in Korea was in Yeongnam district which enjoyed the relative growth because it was out of the damages during Korean War. In 1960s, however, it moved in the direction of NW-ES with the rapid growth of Seoul and Gyeong-gi regions. In 1970s it proceeds southeastwards in the same direction on account of the rapid industrialization in Yeongnam district. 3. In terms of the relative locational change, textile industry in Korea showed the relative dispersion from large cities into their peripheral regions during 1968-1977, but it showed the reconcentration centering on large cities during 1977-1981. The latter is due to the amalgamation of adjacent administrative units and the agglomeration of such city-oriented industries as clothing, leather and so on. On the other hand, in terms of the province level, Do, such regions as Gyeong-gi, Gyeongbuk and Gyeongnam lead the nation-wide locational change. Theses regions are the center of the center of national market and possess the early start advantages, the vast labor market and good infrastructures. 4. In terms of the entropy index, the regional change of the employment in textile industry shows the relative dispersion in intraregional level as well as interregional level during 1968-1977 and vice versa during 1977-1981. On the other hand, it shows the process of more ubiquitous distribution as compared with other industries, so far as the nation-wide macro-analysis is concerned. 5. All classes of plant size in textile industry are reraly distributed in small cities. They are largely distributed in giant cities. The number of business functions increases as city size increases. Consequently, several giant cities lead the textile industry in Korea. 6. Many large scale textile companies in Korea carry out the wholly or partially integrated operation with their own equipments or the vertical integration. In the regional linkages of the integration of capital and production, the linkages between such giant cities as Seoul, Busan and Daegu show the most intensive pattern. This suggests that these cities are favourable in the availability of capital, technology and information. 7. In business fluctuations, the amplitude of textile industry is greater than that of other industries and the timing of the industry reacts about one or two years earlier than that of other industries. These facts imply that textile industry reacts very sensitively to business fluctuations. The reason why textile industry in Korea in sensitive to business fluctuations and the fluctuation of the international prices of raw materials is that the extent of dependence upon foreign raw materials and demands is very high in Korea. The regions around large cities react more sensitively than large cities themselves to the business fluctuation of textile industry in Korea, because the composition of the industry in the latter is more diverse than that in the former. This study was carried out only by means of macro-level analyses on textile industry in Korea. However, the macro-level analyses must be accompanied by the micro-level and empirical analyses in order to achieve the successful research.

安養市 工業地域 構造와 그 變化에 關한 硏究 : A Study compared with Bucheon and Sungnam 城南, 富川과의 比較 硏究

韓鴻烈 동국지리학회 1981 東國地理 Vol.- No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze the industrial development and organization of Anyang which shows the characteristics of the satellite city of Seoul, to explain in detail the features of its industrial geography by comparing Bucheon with Sungnam, and to help establish the industrial exploitation plan. In this study are used the number of workers, additional value and the growth lavour Productivity as benchmark and the quantitative analyses is used principle. Location quotient was calculated for which a field investigation and a survey by an interview and a question have been made. The degree of the regional characteristics and the industrial organization have been examined according to Hoffmann Ration. The conclusions are as follows: Anyang is a part of Kyung-In industrial areas. There were few factoris in it before Liberation in 1945. However, many industries such as textile, paper, machinery, metal, and chemistry have been developed since then, and the concerned area got crowded with so many factories that it came to show the characteristics of a satellite city of Seoul which is based on industries. During the seven years from 1973 to 1979 after it got promoted as a city and its growth rate of factories had reached 230.5% and it became to have the features of industrial cities. As for the distribution of factories in Anyang, Anyang 1-2 Dong was the core area of factories in the of 1960's. But in the late 1970's the core areas changed as follows: Suksoo 1-2 Dong: food and medicine industry area. Pakdal Dong: glass industry area. Peong chang dong: Textile industry area. Hokye Dong: electric, electronic, and chemical industries. These areas were found to be located along the Anyang ditch due to the easiness to get industrial water source. Nowdays the factories have moved to such areas as Peong Chang Dong, Anyang 7 Dong, Pakdal dong, and Hokey dong which lie along the Kyeong-Bu rail way Kyeong-Su national road owing to the cheap price of land, good transport conditions, and easy acquiring of wide land for connection work besides the easiness to get industrial water source in these areas. When the for connection work besides the easiness to get industrial water source in these areas. When the arithmetic means of additional value, the number of workers and the growth of lavour productivity of 1977 is compared with that of 1973 (standard year-1973), the growth rate of food manufacturing showed to have increased to 577.2%, manufacture of wood and wood products, to 37.2%, and manufacture of chemicals and chemical petroleum to 98%. Among these, the manufacture of nonmetallic mineral products shows more growth than that of Bucheon and Seongnam. According to the arithemetic means between the rate of the workmen's formation and that of the additional value formation of Anyang in 1973, the manufacture of assembly metal, machinery industry, textile industry, chemicals and chemical petroleum, and paper and paper products occupy the main part up to 92.1%. This rate of formation in 1977 was little changed though manufacture of assembly metal, chemicals and chemical petroleum, and machinery industry were strengthened. According to W. Hoffman's industrializing stage, Anyang shows Hoffman Ratio of 1.27 in 1973. So it can be said that Anyang had got to the third industrializing stage. However, there is little hope for Anyang to develop heavy-chemical industry because there has been no allowance for new and additional construction of factories for the connecting work, underground water polluted and industrial water source short, since January 1, 1979. In addition to these, there are some bad conditions such as the sudden rise of land price due to the increasing number of apartments around Bisan-Dong and the shortage of running water and industrial water source. Therefore it is desirable to carry out some proper policies to develop non-polluted manufactures such as textile and food, or the development of Anyang industries will be stopped or declined because of the law-making to arrange industries and the recommendation for leavy-chemical industry to move to Banweol industry areas.

百貨店 利用顧客의 買物行態에 관한 地理學的 硏究

趙恩永 동국지리학회 1991 東國地理 Vol.- No.12

The author attempts to clarify the spatial pattern of consumer behavior in shopping trips to department store by questionaire survey. For areal comparision, the study area. Seoul is divided into four subgroups KangNam, the urban core, the urban fringe, and the non-department area. Consumer behavior of the subgroups is compared and analized through the statistical data gained from questionaire. Especially, socio-ecomonic scales are used for the analysis. The results are summarized as follows : (1) Consumer behavior in each subregion shows remarkable difference each other. the cousumer of Kang-Nam much more prefers the nighbourhood department store to the others, and demands more foods than the other goods. The most of consumers in the non-department store area, however, prefer to visit the department located in the urban core and their main trip motive of the trip is to purchase clothing. Parodoxially, their trip frequency to department store is higher than that of resident lived in the core area. This may be the results derived from their socio-economic constraints. (2) In the case of such conveinence goods as daily necessities including foods, proximity to department store plays as a main factor of store choice, while in the case of durable goods this seems to be not so importantly considered. In spite of distance friction consumers visit to such stores that provide the attactive goods in their variety and quality stores which provide the variety and the high quality. (3) If new innovative department store are established in the city fringe, preference for the urban core would relatively more and more decrease. (4) Socio-economic level of consumer is remarkably reflected on the shopping travel patterns. As the higher level is consumer in their income and education, the higher level is shopping frequency, and preferability for neighborhood department store is higher. In this case, most elements usualy purchase even their foodstuffs for every day living at neighbourhood department store. In terms of occupational trait the above similier trends are shown. With reference to age group department store of the urban core is more preferred by the youngers. As consumers have a high income and education level, preference for nearby department store and frequency of shopping trips are also greater. In this case, shopping for grocery is most significantly increased. Professional occupation shows similiar trends. Viewed from consumer's age the urban core area department store is more preferred by the youngers. (5) The answers consumer point out the importance of accessibility to the store as a principal factor of choice regardless of where they live, and what is their socio-economic level. (6) The anthor identifies the trade areas of each department base on the range of consumer travel as far as our study is limited to legal city boundary. In general, department store of the urban core is most attractive because of consumer's inertia, good accessibility and possibility of multipurpose trips.

製造業에 있어서 柔軟的 專門化에 關한 地理學的 序說

鄭聖勳 동국지리학회 1991 東國地理 Vol.- No.12

"Flexible specialization" can be defined as a technological paradigm or ideal typical model in efficiency of production, and the concept is opposed to a type of mass production and characterized by a combination of craft system and flexible equipment. This is adopted by small, specialized firms within a particular industrial district and relatively autonomous productive units within a large, decentralized firm. The nature of the concept is summarized as follows: First, in terms of firm, flexibly specialized firms employ skilled labor and general-purpose machine, and can reduce production cost through "economies of scope". Second, in terms of firm, flexibly specialized firms employ skilled labor and general-purpose machine, and can reduce production cost through "economies of scope". Second, in terms of industrial district, the firms agglomerated in industrial district mutually subcontract for and out through geographically localized network, and jointly use various services such as instruction, research and market information. Third, in terms of labor process, the skilled workers under "flexible specialization" can promote their right and ability, since in such case concept and executing functions are less independent than in the case of mass production. Forth, in terms of regional level, flexibly specialized firms, in general, tend to concentrate in specific planning area, and finally contribute to national and international decentralization of industries.

觀光地域에 對한 地理學的 硏究動向과 課題

李厚錫 동국지리학회 1990 東國地理 Vol.- No.11

The purpose of this study is to grasp domestic and foreign geographical study trend on tourism region and to propose how to study the tourism region in Korea. In the study of tourism region, european and american scholars mainly deal with the individual tourism and its behavior rather than the location theory. In the recent, a remarkable socio-cultural and environmental impact has given to the study, In particular, a tendency of the studies in Japan is summarized as follows ; ① They analyze the rgionalisation process of an individual tourism including the function and the structure. ② They deal with the regional development of the tourism elements such as tourism resource, tourism facility and flow of tourist. ③ They study the location theory of the tourism region and the spatial structure with reference to metropolitan area. Based on the such study trend, the geographical study of tourism region in Korea should give priority to seek a general law of tourism geography and to categorize tourism regions by means of the process, the facilities, the functions and the landscapes.

韓國蔘業에 關한 地理學的 考察

安珍均 동국지리학회 1983 東國地理 Vol.- No.4

The purpose of this study is not only to clarify the regional characteristics but also to attempt to intensify the productivity in the Ginseng Industry by analyzing the origin, process of expansion, variation of major producing district, and characteristics of Ginseng cultivating farm house in Korean ginseng industry area. The result gained can be summarized as follws: In the early and middle period of Yi dynasty, wild Ginseng was gathered for consumption of Royal Family. The present technique of cultivation of Gineng in plat began King Sun Cho of Yi dynasty mainly in KANG WONDO, PYONG ANDO, and the cultivation of Ginseng for commercial porpose began in KYUNG SANG DO during King Sun Cho ear, and then Ginseng cultivation spread from KYUNG SANG DO to CHOLLA DO LA BU HEAM and to GEA SUNG. Before 1945, Ginseng was cultivated in the restricted are of GUM SAN, PUNG GI, Nothern KYUNG GI DO, HWANG HAE, DO, and PYONG AN NAM DO, and the scale of cultrivation was greater than present scale. From 1910 to the present time, unlike general crops, the amount of Ginseng cultivated land did not show THE LOGISTIC CURVE but it showed The SIN CURVE five times. Traditional Ginseng cultivated are declined farmlanduse and production, and spatial variation of Ginseng farmland has shown in crease and decrease as time passed. The pattern of areal expansion of Ginseng cultivation was the relocated diffusion, and it contributed to the expansion of Ginseng cultural mechanism rather than regional specialization. At present, major producing area of Ginseng is YEON CHON, CHIN AN, and MU JU area relocated from KUMSAN, PUNG GI, KANG HWA, and KIMPO. That shows there is no areal limitation for Ginseng cultivation. New major Ginseng producing area is larger than traditional Gneng cultivation area in the scale of Ginseng farm land and the white Ginsent than a steamed-and-dried Ginseng area. BUYEO, ANSUNG, YESAM, GOESAN area proved unsuitable for Ginseng cultivation because these areas have not developed in location quotiont of Ginseng farm land for last 10 years. As Ginseng cultivation in Korea was affected by social circumstances such as transportation, expansion of cultural technique and supporting or policy than natural restrictions, there is no real limitation for Ginseng cultivation. Density of Ginseng cultivating area is the median pattern between agglomorated and dispersed settlements. In the general farm crops land, the size and scale of houses, the living conditions and the farming tools concide with farmland scale, but Ginseng cultivating farm houses do not. Ginseng, which is crop for a special use, is difficult to cultivate continuously, and in other words, it is necessary to rotate crops because of its bacteria and stortage of farmland for Ginseng cultivation. As a result, the farmers must seek for the farmland profer for Ginseng cultivation and cultivate Ginseng on the land far from their dwelling house in order to over come the shortage of arable land. As Korea has an abundance of suitable conditions for Ginseng cultivation, it is desirable to carry out some efficient policies such as rearrangement of cultivating land, expansion of farming scale, reform of farm houses, and crop rotation in order to make Korea a specialized country for Ginseng cultivation in the world.

立地論에 있어 去來費用理論과 垂直統合에 關한 論議

柳承翰 동국지리학회 1990 東國地理 Vol.- No.11

The attempt of this study is to review transaction cost theory, and to identify its applicability to industrial geography. Transaction cost theory, elaborated by economist, Oliver Williamson following early work of Ronald coase, is an attempt to explain the origin and growth of firm by the comparative efficiency of two economic insitutions, 'market and hierarchy'. To understand vertical integration from the point of the theory, most important are three factors-bounded rationality, opportunism and asset specificity-since by the conjunction of them, classical contract is transformed into small number bargaining, which make 'market transaction' less efficient than 'internal production'. However, without any one of the three factors, the reason for vertical intergration will disappear. Like other industrial organization theories, its main emphasis is given to the firm's internal structure, and consequently, little is directly linked to spatial analysis. Nevertheless, considering spatial linkage as geographical expression of firm's market transaction, some concepts of the theory can provide valuable insights into the analysis of production system and its change. Among them, such factors as asset-specificity and opportunism are considered most useful to industrial geography. However industrial system is too complex to be analysed by only one theory, and some assumptions of the theory are far from the reality. Thus, other complementary theories are needed to explain more correctly our industrial system, and among them 'strategic behavior theory' seems to be crucial for more realistic approach to firm's behavior, though not explicitly discussed here.

韓國都市의 市場潛在力에 관한 地理學的 考察

郭永浩 동국지리학회 1986 東國地理 Vol.- No.7

The aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics of market potential and population potential in Korea, and to analyze spatial interaction and accessibility between the cities by using a quantitative method. Simultaneously, the relationship between the potential and the road connectivity will be investigated by applying the gravity model. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The population potential is densely distributed along the Kyung-bu axis. Furthermore, the population potential occurs in the metropolitan areas which have large population, and the results are well represented by the gravity model. The cities which have high potential are including Seoul, Pusam, Taegu, Taejeon, Kwangju and so forth. The economic policies of the 1960's caused a great influx of rural population into the large cities in which the industrial development was taking place. This created a large population potential in those large cities. 2. The market potential has a tendency to closely correlate with the population potential and it also appears to accord to the Kyung-bu axis. The large market potential is chiefly found in major cities such as Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Incheon, and Kwangju. the main reason for this stems from the dynamic economic activity which take place in the city and is diffused throughout the peninsula. therefore, large population of the cities acts itself as a labor market, mass consumption, technological and capital pool, and various economic activities, namely urbanization economies. 3. The interrelationship of the market potential and population potential in terms of Spearman's correlation coefficients is 0.89 which indicates a close relationship. In order to have good economic activity, there must be exist a good qualified labour force, which plays an important role as a consumer. And so, high market potential creates a high population potential. Such high market and population potentials led to a concentration of population along the manufacturing belt in Korea, resulting in an imbalances of industrial growth andmany other social problems. 4. Graph theory is adapted to analyze the road connectivity in the 36 cities of Korea and to understand the relationships between population and market potential, and road connectivity. The data for the study are based upon the city population census of 1980 by the National Bureau of Statistics Economic Planning Board and national road networks in Korea. Geographers have attempted to establish a set of precise measures which reflect the major characteristics of the traffic network structure since 1950. There are various traffic measurement techniques, but in this study, only the graph theory analysis method is utilized. Using calculation indexes α, β, γ, the present author compared the connectivity to the population, and the market potentials in terms of the gravity model technique. The resulting calculation are 0.62 (population potential and road connectivity) and 0.64 (market potential and road connectivity) which indicate a close relationship between population, market, and road connectivity. Therefore, we may infer that the highest accessibility areas occurs where the population and market potential is high, and where urbanization level is high too. This study has been conducted at the macroscopic-level of analysis, which only indicate tendencies. It is desirable that a microscopic-level study be conducted in the near future in order to accurately and successfully analyze the potential growth areas of Korea.

道峰山과 佛岩山地域의 Joint, Tor, Tafoni에 關한 硏究

金惠子 동국지리학회 1984 東國地理 Vol.- No.5

The purpose of this study is to clarify some characteristics of joint, tor, and tafoni phenomena and to find interrelationships between them in Mt. Do-Bong and Bul-Am a part of Chyuga-ryong rift valley. The results gained are as follows; 1) The formation of Chyuage-ryong rift valley is related to the tectonic line. 2) The shapes of tor and its distribution have relations to the structure of granites, that is, to the density and pattern of jointing. 3) Joints have, to a certain degree, influences upon the development of tafoni, especially the pattern of it. 4) Tafoni phenomena are generally developed on the typical tors. 5) Joint phenomena largely act as an agent in processes of the formation of tor and tafoni. In other words, joint seems to have direct or indirect influences upon the development of tor and tafoni.