우리나라 수입자유화를 위한 고찰

전광식 단국대학교 경영대학원 경영학과 국제무역전공 1984 국내석사

貿易自由化란 多數國 相互間의 比較優位, 資源의 適正配分이란 國際經濟理論에 根據하여 交易擴大를 꾀하려는 各國問의 自由化(Liberalization) 政策이다. 貿易自由化의 理論的 根據로는 A. Smith의 國際分業原理에 立却한 自由貿易思想으로부터 그 起原을 찾을 수 있으며, D. Ricardo, Hecksher-Ohin 等에 의해 繼承·發展되어 理論的으로 體係化되었다. 그러나 오늘날의 貿易自由化는 GATT의 基本精神에 立脚한 關稅率引下와 非關稅障壁의 撤廢에도 不拘하고 先進諸國들은 新産業分野의 未開拓, 國內企業의 保護라는 名分아래 GATT規定의 여러가지 例外措置 特히 19條의 緊急輸入制限(Safe guard)條項을 發動하여 輸入을 規制하거나 이를 根據로 相對國에 대해 自律的인 輸出規制形態의「쿼터」制를 導入하는 等 非關稅障壁을 擴大하였다. 이와같은 先進諸國들의 保護貿易主義傾向의 擡頭는 自由化의 基調를 威脅할뿐 아니라 國際經濟의 理論에도 違背되는 政策이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 先進諸國의 保護主義傾向의 緩和와 長期的 側面의 環太平洋經濟共同體의 現實化를 豫想한다면 今後 開放經濟 推進에 대한 對策과 方案이 模索되어야 할 것이다. 이에대해 韓國政府는 이미 1967年7月에 貿易管理制度를 「네거티브시스템」으로 轉換하였으며 1978年4月15日 大幅的인 輸入自由化 措置를 發表하였으며 그後 3次에 걸친 輸入自由化措置 및 關稅率引下措置를 斷行한 바 있다. 또한 GATT 11條國의 目標自由化率 93% 以上을 達成할 것을 目標로 1979年부터 1985年까지 4段階 輸入自由化 時間表를 樹立하고 이를 위한 輸入自由化品目, 輸入豫示品目 및 輸入監視品目을 策定 1980年5月1日부터 施行하였는 바 이와같은 輸入自由化 推進은 國內 幼稚産業의 生産減退 및 稼勳率 低下, 追加輸入 誘發에 의한 國際收支 惡化, 外産選好에 의한 國産品 需要減退, 外國製品投賣 攻勢에 의한 流通體係混亂, 輸入市場 偏重國에 대한 貿易逆調幅의 深化, 戰略的 資源의 適期供給 蹉跌 憂慮等 問題點들이 慈起될 憂慮가 있는 바 이와같은 自由化에 대한 副作用을 最大限으로 줄이기 위하여 다음과 같은 分析과 評價를 통하여 積極的으로 對處하여야 하겠다. 輸入自由化를 發展 展開시킴에 있어 輸入現況, 主要國의 對鑛輸入規制, 自由化에 대한 韓國産業의 國際競爭力을 調査·分析·評價하여 이에대한 對應方案을 期間別로 模索한다면 다음과 같다. 첫째 長期調整方案은 産業構造政策, 輸入市場多邊化, 原資材備蓄과 安定的確保로 區分될 수 있으며, ① 産業構造政策은 開發對象部門의 選定, 效率的인 市場構造, 效果的민 産業支援制度等의 構造的인 門題의 解決이 優先되어야 되며 ② 輸入市場多邊化는 美·日兩國의 偏重에서 오는 不均衡的인 交易條件을 解消하여야 하며, ③ 原資材의 備蓄과 安定的確保는 各國間의 資源「내셔날리즘」의 傾向으로 인한 資源武器化에 對備하여야 하며 國際原資材 價格의 引上은 國內都賣物價에 影響을 미치게 되므로 이들의 長期的인 對策이 必要하다 하겠다. 둘째 中期調整方案으로는 企業·經營의 合理化, 關稅管理, 換率管理, 金融支援으로 나눌수 있겠는 바 ① 企業·經營의 合理化 要請의 焦點은 經營理念, 經營活動, 經營管理의 諸側面에 대한 自由化 體質의 構築으로 要約할 수 있으며 ② 關稅管理는 GATT의 關稅協定에 副應하면서 自由化의 實施와 倂行한 重化學工業化에로의 産業開發과 市場調整을 如何히 效率的으로 이룩하느냐 하는데 焦點이 있다 하겠다. ③ 換率管理는 短期的인 經濟與件에 의한 換率의 變動은 될수록 抑制하고 長期的으로 均衡換率을 維持해 나가야 하겠다. ④ 金融支援은 輸出相對國의 非關稅障壁에 의한 輸入規制 卽 相對國의 相計關稅, 「덤핑」防止關稅를 迂週할 수 있는 方向으로 支援은 改善되어야 하며 輸出金融比重의 過多에 따른 輸出「인플레이션」을 終熄시키는 範圍內에서 支援을 講求하여야 하겠다. 세째 短期調整方案으로는 輸入管理와 輸入手續의 課麗가 遷頭되겠다. ① 輸入管理의 目的은 外國貿易 및 國民經濟의 健全한 發展을 圍模하기 위함이다. 따라서 輸入管理의 效率約인 運營은 自由化措置를 現實的으로 適合하게 受容할 수 있을 것이다. ② 輸入手續은 非能率的민 節次를 될 수 있는 대로 簡素化하여 相對國의 輸出費用을 漸次 줄이고 國際貿易自由化의 基盤構築을 確保하는 方向으로 提考되어야 할 것이다. Are caused by advaned nations that tend to regulate importat, resorting to safe guard clause Provided by Article 19 of the General Agreement and to irtroduce "Quotar System", in the form of voluntary restrictions of exporting nations. The appearance of such tendency of protectionism on the part of advanced nations night not only threaten the basic principle of the liberaliztion, but also violate the principles of international trade. Measures and policies for the promotion of open-door policy should be considered, taking into consideration of possible retreat from protectionism of advanced nations and long-term vision of the Pacific Economic Community. For the sake of this purpose, Korean Government altered her trade control system to "Negative System" in July 1967, on announced the importat liberalization schedule, Apr. 15, 1978, and since then, has gone through 4 steps further towards and the redution of tariff rates. But, such a fast move towards import liberalization might cause such problems as the slowdown of local smallscale industries, unfavorable balance of payment, decrease in the demand of home-made products due to the preference of foreign-made worsening distribution system due to heavy inflow of foreign-made products, inadequate measures to improve balance of trade toward the nations to which import is heavily dependent, and delay in supply of stratagic resources. In order to find these problems facing the liberalization, it is deemed needed to carry out some survey, analysis and evaluation. Followings are the consideration given to the measures derived from the survey, analysis and evaluation of current situations of imports, of the imports control against Korean erports, and of the international competitive capacity of Korean industries in connection with the import liberalization. First, as for a long-term policy, there shall be the policy for improving industrial structures. diversification of import markets, stable and secure supply of raw materials. 1) As for the policy on industrial structures, such considerations should be given as the selection of the sectors to be developed further, as the marketing system to be made effeitive, and effective system of incentives for selected industrial to be applicable. 2) diversification of import markets should eliminate the trade imbalance caused by relying too much on the United States and Japan. 3) as for the stable and secure supply of raw materials, we should he ready to react promptly and adequately to any threats from resource "Nationalism", and to cope with the price rise in international resource market, and a long-term measures to prevent importation of inflation are deemed needed. Second, as for medium-term adjustment policy, there shall be the rationalization of management of enterprices, of policy imstruments such as tariff, exchange rate and financial incentives. The main points of the rationalization of the management of enterprises can be summarized as the improving the quality of liberalization, in such matters as management ideas, management activities and management control. The focus of tariff adjustment lies how well industrial development and market adjustment is made to the development of heavy chemical industrialies, both going along well with the practice of liberalization and with the tariff agreement of GATT. As for exchange rate policy, the changes in the exchange rate by a short-term economic conditions is not desirable, but balanced exchange rate should be maintained for a long term. Financial incentives should be improved so as to avoid counter-veiling tariffs and anti-dumping duties from che part of importing nations, and should be limitted to eliminate import of "Inflation". Third, the import control and procedures shall be used as a short-term adjustment policy. The purpose of import control lies in the stable development of foreign trade and of national economy. Accordingly, the efficient management of import control shall make it possible to go in line with liberalization program realistically. In efficent procedures of imports should be simplifies, so that the exporting nations could be able to reduce export cost gradually, thereby the stobel ground for the import liberalization scheme could be expected.

패션산업의 마아케팅 능력제고를 위한 패션 스페셜리스트의 역할에 관한 연구

조병규 단국대학교 국제경영대학원 1991 국내석사

This thesis is tailored to investigate and analyse both the activities and educational situations of the Fashion Specialists Empirical studies and survey were done to do that. Along with the successful implementation of several economic development plans, the fashion industry has, in fact, marked a remarkable change in its structure and scale, but the realistic system and scale have a remarkable discrepancy and vulnerability in the international competitiveness, comparing on the level of the creative planning and the modern system. In addition, the textile industry in some advanced countries has relatively shrunk in comparison with other fields of industry, thus having the nature of the fading industry, and the fading theory of the textile industry has appeared also in Korea after the peak of the growth rate reached in 1987 Under such circumstances, the continued growth af the fashion industry in our country requires a solution to meet the internationalized society. The fashion industry is a market oriented industry which should create the high value added, and so the activities taken by fashion specialists should be taken a very important position in the modern fashion industry. But fashion industry had been operated under the production concept. Manufacturers were few but consumers were many. So only production efficiency was noticed. So called "Well produced is half sold". Under such condition, the level of designer's role segmentation is low. There were no fashion specialists such as fashion director, fashion merchandiser, or fashion coordinator. Recognizing market and consumers' need. understanding new manufacturing technics, and communicating to combine all of these. Those who carry out these extended and complex roles are called "Fashion Specialists". Fashion directors, fashion merchandisers, and fashion coordinators are fashion specialists. They do more than their unique roles. They are the manufacturers and marketers. Empirical study has been performed on the brand managers and the fashion shop mangers to know the roles and educational conditions of fashion specialists. The conclusion is 1. They think the fashion specialists are not really specialized in the specialized works. 2. Especially, they need fashion specialists who can connect production and marketing. 3. They are not satisfied with present educational institutions and need new specialized educational institutions. As mentioned, the fashion industry is short of fashion specialists. And to solve this problem, new educational institutions are needed. The specialized schools are preferred for the new educational institutions than the universities or any other general educational institutions. The education should be oriented to the unbringing of the fashion specialists.

중남미시장 진출방안에 관한 연구

최흥걸 단국대학교 경영대학원 국제무역전공 1983 국내석사

The Korean economy has recorded a high rate of economic growth, nearly 9 percent on the average during the 1960-1980, due to the outward-looking industrialization strategy and the four successive Five-Year Economic Development plans since 1962. In the course of the sustained economic growth, export has functioned as so-called "the engine of growth". We can see the importance of export role in the fact that the average annual contribution of export to economic growth amounted to 35.7 percent. Actually, the export growth trend in Korea shows that Korea multiplied 350 times of its exports from 1962 through 1980 and that its annual growth rate was 38.6 percent in the 1960's and 35.6 percent in the 1970's. These figures are very high, compared with the annual average of 8.9 percent in the 1960's and 20.6 percent in the 1970's in the world as a whole. According to the World Bank's reports, Korea has kept the first place in export growth rate during the period of 1960's to 1970's. The export promotion policy in the Korean economy, however, has been facing with some problems as following: 1. AS Korea's exports reached US$10 billion in 1977 and exceeded 1 percent of world trade volume, some advanced countries such as the U.S., Japan and EC have been taking import restrictive measures against Korea. In this sense, it is getting har and harder that Korea enters into the markets of advanced countries which account for 80 percent of Korea's total exports. 2. Korea can no longer heavily depend on labor-intensive export lines which have been a main power of its rapid export growth until 1970's, because of high wage levels and inflation rates during the same period. 3. The competition between Korea and newly industrialized countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and so on, is gradually getting deepend in the import maekets of primary products, and the advents of Thailand, Malaysia and communist China are jeopardizing the status that Korea has enjoyed as the so-called "export kingdom of light industry goods" in the 1970's. 4. Korea, having depended on imports for most of the major raw materials and crude oil, is expected to face with. difficulties in getting them in the future due to the emerging resource nationalism or resource arms policy. 5. Like the cases of EC and ASEAN, the exclusive regional economic community is being created and its activity is being streng-thended. Therefore, Korea will have difficulties in promoting new export markets. Because of the facts mentioned as above, it is certain that the Korean internal and external situations will be more unfavorable in 1980's than in 1970's. Therefore, the Korean government as well as the private businesses should step up their efforts to establish multilateral and systematic strategies for export promotions such as the development of new technology and export items to solve the mounting problems in the 1980's. In this sense, the importance of the development of Latian American markets have been accepted for the fields of commodity exports, construction, resources exploitation-imports and fishery cooperation. Korea's exports to Latin America were negligible in the past decade but since 1977 Korea's exports have begun to increase greatly and exceed its total export growth rate as of the end of 1980. However, Korea's export volume to Latin America still has small weight, compared with its total export volume. So, it is urgently needed that Korea should enlarge its advance to Latin America. Because Korea's market share doesn't reach 1 percent in Latin American markets, Korea should give more emphasis on Latin American countries with strenuous efforts to diversify its export markets. Still, Latin America has a great significance for the Korea's entry into this region, as 1. Latin America has abundant resources including crude oil, iron ore, copper, timber and so on, but most of them are not developed due to the lack of capital and technology. So, Korea has high possibility to secure resources stably by participating in resources exploitation. 2. Because most of Latin American countries have established large scale and comprehensive economic development plans and have propelled strongly since the 1960's, they have high propensity to make progress. 3. Except Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, most of Latin American countries are behind Korea in the overall technology levels. So the technology transfer from Korea to these countries is possible. As these countries are stressing the need for the introduction of foreign advanced technology in light industry sectors such as textil, rubber, footwear, and basic electronics industries, Korea has good favors in advancing to those countries. 4. Latin America is located geographically near to the United States which has the largest market in the world and well-developed free trade market. Therefore, it is suitable for Korea's outpost of circuitous exports to the U.S. because of the rising tide of trade protectionism in U.S. against Korean products. Latin American regions are very important for Korea's export markets, import markets of natural resources and investment markets In this sense, the study of multilateral strategies is required. In order to enlarge Korea's entry into Latin America, Korea should actively utilize existing trade agreements and at the same time conclude trade agreements with other countries. Finally, all-out efforts should be made to strengthen a private base export marketing through the overseas branches of KOTRA and general trading companies.

한국의 외환관리제도에 관한 연구

안국찬 단국대학교 경영대학원 경영학과 국제무역전공 1983 국내석사

From the historical point of view, foreign exchange can be described as the longest technique discovered by human being as well as the latest study of science. Foreign exchange is becoming as the field of using high special and technical terms and it is natural fact that the system for management of foreign exchange is also required of special technique. Consequently, as the foreign exchange is defined as the means for the balance of international payments, the control and management of foreign exchange is the policy of international economy which the government directly, not by market system, restricts and control the self-imposed curb function and the demand and supply of the foreign exchange market respectively in order to maintain the internal and external balance on the basis of the laissez (laisser) fair principles of capitalistic economy. In this connection, this study presents the effective imporvement measures for the foreign exchange system of Korea by investigating the international trend of foreign exchange through formation and changes process of IMF System which have led the postwar open system. Presently, our country is maintaining the balance of international income and outgo and securing the value of foreign currency by controlling foreign exchange, transactions and other overseas transactions of it and executing the foreign debt control system inclusively and extensively to operate the foreign funds efficiently. To this end, our government bring the foreign exchange centralization system and should make them to be used only for the admitted, approved and authenticated transactions and controlled totally under the plan of the demand and supply of foreign exchange. In connection therewith, in the chapter II of this thesis, the basis concept of foreign exchange control system have been described and in chapter III, the present status of foreign exchange control systems in many nations studied comparatively. The present status, the point at issue and reform measure of foreign exchange control system in Korea was suggested in Chapter IV. In Chapter V, the suggestion of effective improvement and prospect of foreign exchange control system was in search of a better solution. In order to ensure the afore-said various things, secondary dimensional method was selected for research method of this thesis and a foreign exchange control system was studied mainly centering around reference books by the comparative method.

전자제품 대나이지리아 시장진출에 관한 연구

박명진 단국대학교 경영대학원 경영학과 국제무역전공 1983 국내석사

Korea has established a milestone for export of U.S.$ 9 billion of electronic products and the local electronics firms have made continuous efforts in order to achieve this export target, but we are faced with a great deal of difficult problems in reality. The electronics industry is organized with the core technology and as a labor intensive device industry, this industry has made higher progress up to date, requiring less energy consumption than other industries. The rapid growth of electronics industry has been attributed to by the diversity of electronic products and its applied fields that have been developing rapidly. Therefore, the advanced countries usually form the industrial structure of capital - and technology - intensive production method. But Korea is suitable for this industry, mainly because of labor force of high quality, low wage and abandant human resources. In this respect, this industry is handled and supported as a strategic industry by the nation's political dimension. Since the start of assembly-production of vacuum bulb radio in 1958, radio had been a main item of electronic products until 1960. Along with the first export of radio and the first television broadcasting, the black and white TV sets began to lead the production and export in the electronics industry through 1960s. And then, the assembly- production and export of the electronic appliances for household use have become vigorous. The electronics industry recorded US$ 4,006,108,000. worth of production and U$ 1,031,024,000. worth of export in 1982, compared with U$3,790,862,000. and US$ 941,372,000., respectively, in 1981. This means how the Korean economy has recorded a rapid growth of the electronics industry. From the viewpoint of market structure, however, we can see that Korea's export has been influenced greatly by business fluctuations in the U.S. and Japan in which over 70 percent of Korea's export is depended on. Therefore, this paper explores the outline, the production and the demand in the world electronics markets, and anal-yzes the prospect of the local electronics industry, the export & import of Korean electronic products and our Korea's advancement into the overseas markets. On the other hand, this paper reviews the export & import, and the production in the rival countries such as Japan Taiwan and Singapore. Further, this paper tries to explain the advancement policy into the U.S. and Africa markets in those countries. Korea's advancement into Nigerian market, which is one of the key points in this paper, has a great significance in the sense that Nigeria is an outpost to enter Europe by utilizing the relations between Europe and Africa by LOME agreement and Korea's export marks can be diversified. In order to advance into the unexploited region such as Africa, Korea's electronics industry, with about 2 percent share in the world electronics markets, should cast off the present situation focused on a few countries and develop more positive export marketing than competing countries including Japan. And also, Korea should enhance the home-made products ratio of raw materials and parts. For this purpose, the Korean government should extend for the local electronics makers various kinds of incentives including tax favor and financial support, and the electronics companies should consolidate the export marketing activities through the effective sales technique, the trading promotion, the research & development for new technology and the active investment. From now on, Korea should have more interests and understandings in the market scale, international trade circumstances, foreign exchange systems and tariff systems in Nigeria, which has the largest market scale among all the African countries, by studying the Nigerian tradit ion and social system. Also Nigeria, with a population of 100 million US$ 50 billion of investment and US$ 10 billion of annual import, functions as a bridgehead for the exploitation of new markets and the advancement into Europe and other African countries. Therefore, Korea has to try to diversify export markets and secure natural resources on the stable basis in Nigeria. Among difficult problems in advancing into Nigerian market, there are excessive freight charges due to the absence of direct shipping line, the lack of the information on Nigerian market and the shortage of Nigerian understanding of Korea. Finally, in order to diversify export markets and promote export to Nigeria some measures for export promotion policy are required as following. 1. We can expect the effective export increase through the positive participation in Nigerian Economic Development. 2. By establishing the direct shipping line, we can reduce freight charges and the damage to and loss of the cargo. The goernment should solve the bottleneck of the electronics industry and extend various kinds of incentives including tax favor and financial supports. 3. By reinforcing the information gathering system from Nigeria, Korea should find out competent sales agencies and encourage general trading companies' entry into Nigeria. 4. Korea should increase export and extend export markets through deferred payment basis. 5. Korea should open and participate in trade fair, and solidify salesmen group, and public relations through overseas diplomatic offices and marketing activity of the electronics industry.

전자제품 수출에 관한 연구 : 동남아 주요경쟁국과 미국시장을 중심으로

오용환 단국대학교 경영대학원 경영학과 국제무역전공 1984 국내석사

At present, a country like Korea having limited natural resources and vulnerable capital is recommended to resoirt to exporting electronic produces which offer advantages of tech-nical intensiveness and high value added and require less energy and capital. Korea export of electronic products have been aggressively raised up. Now occupying more than 10% of it's total export volume. However, under the premise of the background and consi-deration of local electronic industries in connection with demand, trend and prospect of the world markets of electronic goods, Korea's export-oriented growth during the period has exposed it's industries lacked of mastering technologies of components, development and localization of component industry inferior to other competing countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore especially in the domestic appliances such as color TV Tape recorder, black & white TV, radio, etc. In consideration of likely prospect of market demand of semi-conductor in area of communication components and access-ories, color TV and VTR in area of domestic appliances at those markets of U.S.A., Japan and Western European nations, key effor-ts by Korea should be directed to securing appropriate measures to increase local export volume of electronic goods. In abreast with the systematic scenario emphasized above,a comprehensive marketing activities should be steadily and effectively exploited in the Lation America which offers a good demands to Korea and at the same ttme, optimum environment should be firmly secured in Korea.