바이러스 감염에 대한 면역반응

황응수,박정규,차창용 대한면역학회 2004 Immune Network Vol.4 No.2

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which cause infection by invading and replicating within cells. The immune system has mechanisms which can attack the virus in extracellular and intracellular phase of life cycle, and which involve both non-specific and specific effectors. The survival of viruses depends on the survival of their hosts, and therefore the immune system and viruses have evolved together. Immune responses to viral infection may be variable depending on the site of infection, the mechanism of cell-to-cell spread of virus, physiology of the host, host genetic variation, and environmental condition. Viral infection of cells directly stimulates the production of interferons and they induce antiviral state in the surrounding cells. Complement system is also involved in the elimination of viruses and establishes the first line of defence with other non-specific immunity. During the course of viral infection, antibody is most effective at an early stage, especially before the virus enters its target cells. The virus- specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the principal effector cells in clearing established viral infections. But many viruses have resistant mechanism to host immune responses in every step of viral infection to cells. Some viruses have immune evasion mechanism and establish latency or persistency indefinitely. Furthermore antibodies to some viruses can enhance the disease by the second infection. Immune responses to viral infection are very different from those to bacterial infection. (Immune Network 2004;4(2):73-80) 바이러스는 세포 내 절대 기생체로서 세포에 침투하여 복제하여 증식한다. 면역계는 바이러스가 세포 밖에 존재하는 시기와 세포 내에 있는 시기 모두 공격을 할 수 있으며, 비특이적으로나 특이적인 반응을 보인다. 바이러스의 궁극적인 생존은 숙주의 생존 여부에 달려 있으므로 숙주의 면역체계와 바이러스는 상호 진화하여 왔다. 바이러스 감염에 대한 면역반응은 감염부위, 세포 간 바이러스의 전파기전, 숙주의 생리학적 상태, 유전적 소인과 환경요인에 따라 매우 다양하게 나타난다. 바이러스 감염은 인터페론의 생산을 유도해서 항바이러스 상태를 유발하고, 보체의 작용 등 선천면역에 의해 일차적으로 방어된다. 항체는 감염 초기 단계에 바이러스가 표적세포에 침투하기 전에는 매우 효과적으로 항바이러스 기능을 발휘한다. 확립된 바이러스 감염을 제거하고 완결시키는 데는 세포독성 T 림프구가 결정적인 역할을 한다. 그러나 바이러스는 이와 같은 단계별 숙주의 방어기전에 대항하는 기전을 갖고 있어서 바이러스에 따라서는 평생 숙주의 몸에서 잠복 또는 지속 감염을 이루게 된다. 한편 면역반응이 형성된 경우에 재감염이 되면 오히려 증상을 악화시키는 경우도 있는 등 바이러스 감염에 대한 면역반응의 특성은 다른 세균 등의 면역반응과 상당히 다른 점이 있다.

Concanavalin A가 細胞性免疫反應과 體液性免疫反應에 미치는 影響 : 마우스의 T依存性 體液免疫反應에 대한 Con A의 抑制作用 Suppression of a thymus Dependent Humoral Response by Con A in Mice

張友鉉,金翼詳,李明洙,崔明植 大韓免疫學會 1981 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.3 No.1

Mice treated with Con A 1 or 2 days prior to primary immunization with SRBC exhibited a significai.F suppression of direct PFC response. This immunosuppressive effect could be reversed by using higher doses of antigen designad to by pass T-cell function. Normal syngeneic recipient mice transferred with Con A-activated spleen cells showed a suppression of primary direct PFC response on day 6. Recipients transferred with Con A-activated thymocytes showed no effect on direct PFC responses. It is suggested that Con A induced immunosuppression of thymus-dependent humoral immune response in mice is at least partly due to the activation of a subpopulation of thymus derived cells, of which tissue source is not thymus but spleen, and that the effect is short-lived and the suppressive effect of HIR is marked in late stage.

Surface Antigen(S) Common to Rat and Mouse Embryonal Carcinoma Cells and to Pre-implantation Embryos

Park, B.,Sobis, H.,Delacourt, M.CI.,Vauhove, L.,Vandeputte, M. 大韓免疫學會 1982 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.4 No.1

Five R fat embryonal carcinomas were induced by inoculating MSV into the placenta of fectotomized rats. Anti-embryonal carcinoma antisera were prepared by allogeneic or xenogeneic immunization with ascitic embryonal carcinoma cells. To remove the non-specific activity both antisera were absorbed in vivo and in vitro. By indirect immunofluorescent assay these absorbed antisera were reactive only on rat embryonal carcinomas and on undifferentiated primitive teratocarcinoma cells of C3H and 129/SV mouse. They did not react with the differentiated cells of mouse teratocarcinomas, with other rat and mouse tumors and with various norrrjal rat and mouse tissues including spermatozoa. A positive reaction was found on mouse and rat pre-implantation embryos from the 4-cell stage to late blastocyst. Antigen Pre-implantation embryo Embryonal carcinoma Retrodifferentiation

Immunoassay and Blotting

유경자 大韓免疫學會 1987 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.9 No.1

Heligmosomoides polygyrus 감염 마우스의 면역반응 잠재력

하대유,고유승,한병갑 大韓免疫學會 1996 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

Heligmosomoides polygyrus(=Nematospiroides dubis) is gastrointestinal parasitic nematoda which is common parasite of wild rodents in North America, Western Europe and the CIS. The experimental infection with this parasite has been studied extensively in models of host-parasite interaction. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of H. polygyrus infection on the humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. It was found that H. polygyrus infection suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH) to SRBC, contact hypersensitivity to dinitroflurobenzene (DNFB) and hemagglutinin response to SRBC. Surprisingly, H. polygyrus infection suppressed active systemic anaphylaxis(ASA) induced by ovalbumin(OVA), but elicited marked increase of the total IgE antibody and total IgG production compared with uninfected mice. In a histological examination of the mucosal mast cell(MMC) response in vivo in ICR mice, H. polygyrus infection elicited a enhance MMC response 14 days post-infection, but did not show any difference 21 days post-infection, but did not show any difference 21 days post-infection compared with uninfected controls, suggesting mucosal mastocytosis response may depend on certain stage of life cycle of H. polygyrus. Taken together, the present study strongly suggested that H. polygyrus infection in mice in-creased the total IgE and IgG antibody production, but suppressed cellular immune response to SRBC and DNFB, hemagglutinin respose and OVA-induced anaphylaxis, and that mucosal mastocytosis may be decreased or increased depending on certain stage of life cycle H. polygyrus.

장티프스환자의 다형핵 백혈구에 대한 Chemotaxis

李淵台,李鍾訓 大韓免疫學會 1979 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.1 No.1

In this study, an attempt was made to measure the chemotatic activity of PMNs in Salmonellosis. Each 15 ml of heparinized blood was obtained from 6 patients of typhoid fever in the Northwick Park Hospital and Clinical Research Centre from June in 1978 to Novemer. Each 1 ml of 3% dextran was added and the treated blood was incubated at 37°C for 4C minutes. The supernatant was harvested, washed two times with TC-199 medium, and the concentration of cells was adjusted at I X 10' ml. The casein (0.5 %) was used as a chemotactic factor with Boyden chamber modified by Larson (1977) used. The pores of the membrane millipore filters were 0.8pm and 0, 45pm in diameter (filter type SC made in France). The chamber inserted filters was filled with 0.4 ml of PMNs and kept at 37°C for 2. +hrs. Then, picked out the filter, we stained it with Harris haematoxicillin and counted only five fields through the microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The chemotactic activity of PMNs in control had no significant differences. 2. The longer the measuring time was, the more migrated the cells were. But, in this study a chamber was activated for 2. + hrs. 3. In typhoid fever, the chemotactic activity of PMNs appeared with a remarkable difference between one early infected stage and the other convalescent. Namely, the reactivity of the early infected stage was lower than that of the convalescent one.

Bacteroides fragilis에 의한 복강내 농양의 항균제 치료에 대한 면역 림포카인의 효과

김정목,김재성,김영전,조양자 大韓免疫學會 1996 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.18 No.3

Objective: In intraabdominal abscess induced by Bacteroides fragilis, the infected tissues are characterized by an infiltration of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocytes. To suppress or prevent the formation of abscess, it may be important to activate the inflammatory cells. The purpose of this study was to estimate effects of the combination of antimicrobial drug and immune lymphokines on the treatment of intraabdominal abscesses. Methods: Immune lymphokines were derived from mitogen-activated splenic lymphocytes of B57BL/6 mice previously immunized against encapsulated B. fragilis. The lymphokines were freed of all substances with the molecular weight less than 1,000 dalton and concentrated to 5-folds using ultrafiltration. The abscess-inducing agents including B. fragilis were injected intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice. Therapy of the infected animals started from 5th day after inoculation with the agents. The abscess-bearing mice were treated with the immune lymphokines and/or clindamycin twice a day for 7 days. Results: 1) The combination of clindamycin and the immune lymphokines showed rather high cure rate (70%). However, the cure rates were less than 20% in the group of clindamycin plus lymphokines prepared from non-immuned spleen cells, the clindamycin alone group or the lymphokines alone group. 2) The efficacy of immune lymphokines on abscess clearance was de-pendent on the initiation time of therapy. 3) The molecular weight of abscess-curing components in the lymphokines derived from the mitogen-activated splenic lymphocytes of mice previously immunized against B. fragilis was estimated to be 10,000 - 100,000 dalton. 4) No growth inhibitory factor of B. fragilis was found in the immune lymphokines. Conclusion: These results suggest that immunoadjuvant therapy may be more effective than single antibiotic theranv for the treatment of B. fragilis infection.

正常人 및 原疾患 患者血淸內의 Propionibacterium acnes 및 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 菌體凝集抗體

최철순,곽병은,양용태 大韓免疫學會 1982 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.4 No.1

Both Propionibacteriwn acnes and Staphylococcus aureus are predominant normal flora of human skin. The existence of bight titres of "natural" antibodies both to P. acmes and S. aureus has been demonstrated. However, comparative measurement or analysis of correlation between these antibodies in the sera obtained from patients with underlying diseases has not been clarified. In this study, antibodies to P. aches and S. aureus in the sera of I07 healthy individuals and 64 inpatients of acute or chronic underlying diseases were measured and the correlation between these antibodies was analyzed. In normal sera, antibody to S. aureus (5.79±2.06 log2) was higher than to P. acnes (4.78±1.50 log2) and the patients' sera yielded similar results. A high correlation between antibodies to P. aches and S. aureus was found both in normal (r=0.47, p<0.00I) and patients' sera (r=0.61, P<0.001), but no correlation between antibody to S. aureus and to S. epidermidis was observed. In patients' sera, a high antibody titres to S. aureus was found in sera from liver cirrhosis(7.66± 0.57 log2), osteomyelitis (6.36+2.00 log2) and hepatitis (6.50±1.50 log2), but no difference was observed between diabetes mellitus (5.00±1.00 log2) and healthy individuals (5.79±2.06 log2). Similarly, a high antibody titre to P. aches appeared in the sera of the patients with osteomyelities (5.72±1.60 log2) but there was no difference between diabetes mellitus (5.00±1.00 log2) and healthy individuals (4.78±1.50 log2), whereas either low or no antibody was detectable in the sera of other patients' sera as well hepatoma and tuberculosis.

正常月經週期동안의 末梢血液 T-淋巴球의 變動

金錦才,鄭憲鐸,河大有 大韓免疫學會 1980 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.2 No.1

This study was undertaken to measure peripheral blood T-lymphocyte during the various phases .of the normal menstrual cycle and to investigate the circadian variations of peripheral blood leukocytes. The experiment was carried out on three medical students in the dark-room under the light-dark regimen of L. D. 17: 7 for circadian rhythm and on fifteen nursing students under the normal life pattern for lunadian rhythm. A significant decrease in T -lymphocytes occurred during. the menstrual period. However, the percentages of T -lymphocytes returned to the pre-levels one week after the end. of the menstrual period. On the other hand, total numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils showed ' no changes during the menstrual period. The acrophase of peripheral neutrophil count was in the early stage of activity span whereas the acrophases of peripheral eosinophil count and lymphocyte count were in the midstage of the rest span.

癌患者의 腹水 및 肋膜渗出液이 健康人 淋巴球의 Rosette形成에 미치는 影響

河大有,鄭憲鐸 大韓免疫學會 1979 大韓免疫學會誌 Vol.1 No.1

Non-specific suppressions of delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH) measured by skin reactivity to certain antigens, response of lymphocytes to mitogens and spontaneous(E) rosette formation of lymphocytes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) have been reported to occur in cancer bearing-patients. The mechanisms responsible for these immunosuppressions remain unclear, but some investigators suggested that the immunosuppressions may result from immunosuppressive factors exudated from tumor masses. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ascitic and pleural fluids from patients with cancers metastatic to peritonium or pleura. Non-cancerous ascitic and pleural effusions were used as controls. The ascitic and pleural fluids from hepatoma patients and pulmonary carcinoma patients decreased not only the percentages of early and late rosette formations severely but also the affinity of lymphocytes to SRBC. On the other hand ascitic fluids from stomach cancer patients increased the percentages of early rosette formation and the affinity of lymphocytes to SRBC. Control effusions exerted no effect on rosette formation except the pleural effusions from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Pleural effusions obtained from tuberculosis patients slightly increased the percentages of rosette formation and the affinity of lymphocytes to SRBC.