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Zucchi, Gioia,Khan, Jeffrey-A.,Vulfson, Evgeny-N. The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnol 1998 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.8 No.6
The addition of decane to biotransfonnation media containing Yarrowia lipolytica led to the accumulation of intennediate L-phenylacetaldehyde and L-phenethyl acetate during bioconversion of L-phenylalanine, whilst none of these products were obtained in conventional aqueous fennentations. The results obtained support an earlier hypothesis (Spinnler et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. A cad. Sci. USA 93: 3373-3376) that organic solvents, acting as "thermodynamic traps" for hydrophobic intermediates, can substantially alter metabolic fluxes.
A motor neuron strategy to save time and energy in neurodegeneration: adaptive protein stoichiometry
Zucchi, Elisabetta,Lu, Ching‐,Hua,Cho, Yunju,Chang, Rakwoo,Adiutori, Rocco,Zubiri, Irene,Ceroni, Mauro,Cereda, Cristina,Pansarasa, Orietta,Greensmith, Linda,Malaspina, Andrea,Petzold, Axel Raven Press [etc.] 2018 Journal of neurochemistry Vol.146 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Neurofilament proteins (Nf) are a biomarker of disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study investigated whether there are major differences in expression from <I>in vivo</I> measurements of neurofilament isoforms, from the light chain, NfL (68 kDa), compared with larger proteins, the medium chain (NfM, 150 kDa) and the heavy (NfH, 200‐210 kDa) chains in ALS patients and healthy controls. New immunological methods were combined with Nf subunit stoichiometry calculations and Monte Carlo simulations of a coarse‐grained Nf brush model. Based on a physiological Nf subunit stoichiometry of 7 : 3 : 2 (NfL:NfM:NfH), we found an ‘adaptive’ Nf subunit stoichiometry of 24 : 2.4 : 1.6 in ALS. Adaptive Nf stoichiometry preserved NfL gyration radius in the Nf brush model. The energy and time requirements for Nf translation were 56 ± 27k ATP (5.6 h) in control subjects compared to 123 ± 102k (12.3 h) in ALS with ‘adaptive’ (24:2.4:1.6) Nf stoichiometry (not significant) and increased significantly to 355 ± 330k (35.5 h) with ‘luxury’ (7:3:2) Nf subunit stoichiometry (<I>p</I> < 0.0001 for each comparison). Longitudinal disease progression‐related energy consumption was highest with a ‘luxury’ (7:3:2) Nf stoichiometry. Therefore, an energy and time‐saving option for motor neurons is to shift protein expression from larger to smaller (cheaper) subunits, at little or no costs on a protein structural level, to compensate for increased energy demands.</P><P/>