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Request and Question Perspective in Interlanguage Pragmatics
Sung Kyu Yun,Woo-hyun Jung 한국사회언어학회 2004 사회언어학 Vol.12 No.2
Yun, Sung Kyu & Jung, Woo-hyun. 2004. Request and Question Perspective in Interlanguage Pragmatics. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 12(2). This paper is an interlanguage pragmatic study of request and question perspective. It aims to explore whether there are any differences in request perspective between American English native speakers and Korean EFL learners. To this end, this study employed a Discourse Completion Test, which consisted of eight situations. Data were collected from three different groups: native speakers of English; Korean learners of English; native speakers of Korean. The results showed that the learners deviated from native pragmatic norms in the choice of perspective in a relatively systematic way. The same held even more obviously in the use of please in interacting with request perspective. It was also shown that the mismatch between the native and nonnative groups in perspective was an instance of pragmatic transfer. The results suggested that the notions of imposition and politeness operated differently in perspective between the native and nonnative groups. It is expected that this study will shed light on the phenomenon of interlanguage pragmatics and the aspect of pragmatic transfer, revealing how learners differ from native speakers with respect to request perspective and what causes the differences.
우윤식 釜山外國語大學校 比較文化硏究所 2000 比較文化硏究 Vol.11 No.-
The aim of this paper is to examine how Case-feature checking takes place in infinitival constructions under Chomsky's(1993,1995) Checking Theory of The Minimalist Program. In connection with this, the brief look at Case theory of P&P is the starting point of our discussion of the Case-feature checking in infinitival constructions, and the Case assignment to NPs, overt or covert, in the subject position of infinitival complements was discussed by grouping verbs taking infinitives as their complement into three patterns, try-, believe-, and expect-verb form. As a result, the possibility of replacing syntactic constraints or conditions proposed by Ross and Chomsky with Case theory and subsuming Bounding theory under Case theory has been revealed. In spite of its advantages mentioned above, Case theory has its theory-internal problems, the asymmetry between nominative and accusative Case assignment, the duplicate Case assignment and Exceptional Case marking. The Case-assignment in Case theory has been replaced by Case-checking in Chomsky's Minimalist Program. The Case-checking in infinitival complements takes place in different manners, depending on what kind of verb pattern they belong to. The Case of a null PRO subject(try-) is checked in a different way from that of an objective subject(believe-verb pattern). That is, the null Case of a PRO subject is internally checked by the null Case of infinitive particle 'to':the Case of an objective subject is externally checked by a transitive matrix verb( ECM verbs such as 'believe'). But the verb 'expect' takes an infinitival complement whose subject position is occupied by a PRO subject or an objective subject; the former is internally checked by the null Case of particle 'to'.whereas the latter by a transitive matrix verb. The Case-feature checking of an objective subject of the infinitival comlement clause taken by ECM verb like 'believe' and 'expect' was made possible by Chomsky's(1991,1993) AgrOp Analysis under Pollock's(1989) SIH. But the solutions to the problems of Case Theory provided by Chomsky's AgrOP Analysis becomes meaningless if AGR as a functional category which triggers Attract/Move-F is excluded from Grammar. As a matter of fact, Chomsky(1995) got rid of AGR as a functional category because of its irrelevance to LF and PF. If this is the case, the syntactic description of the nominative Case-checking in infinitival structures should be made in the following directions. First, the lexical properties of verbs must be fully explored. Second, the scope of syntactic analysis must be extended from sentence to discourse, because the reference relations of PRO have something to do with contexts. Lastly, the syntactic properties of TP must be explored, together with those of infinitive particle 'to'.
윤종선,김익환,신세균,심우경,이철희,신영철 韓國植物ㆍ人間ㆍ環境學會 1999 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.2 No.2
종의 棲息密度가 낮아지고 있는 하늘나리, 섬초롱, 자란 3종의 식물을 인위적으로 棲息地를 造成하기 위하여 국립공원 속리산 등산로변 標高 200m, 400m, 600m 지점에 150주식 종당 450주를 조직배양 및 분주에 의하여 육묘 된 묘를 이식하여 생존상태 및 棲息地 造成의 가능성을 2년에 걸쳐 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 造成 棲息地의 토양의 理化學的 造成은 pH 5.2∼5.6, 유기물 함량 29∼54g/㎏, CEC 9.4∼11.5㎝ mol(+)/㎏으로 산성을 띠고 있었으며, 유기물 함량은 높은 편이었고, 염기치환용량은 낮았으나 비교적 우리나라 典型的 山地土壤의 理化學的 造成과 유사하였다. 2. 棲息地內 생장기간의 投光率은 標高 200m 지역은 10.8∼11.6%, 400m lw역은 10.8∼11.4%, 600m 지역은 11.0∼12.8%로 식재식물의 生長環境에 부족한 상태였다. 3. 식재 식물 수는 식재 후 활착율은 3종 모두 양호하였으나, 점차 감소되었으며, 특히 자란의 감소율이 높았다. 감소의 원인을 분석한 결과 하늘나리, 섬초롱, 자란 모두 굴취나 절취의 피해가 많았으며, 특히 자란은 凍害에 의한 枯死가 1년차 72∼86주, 2년 차에서 19∼35주로 조사도어 자연상태에서의 越冬은 어려운 것으로 나타났으며, 집중호우에 의한 流失도 감소의 한 원인이었다. 4. 식재식물의 생장상태는 불량하였는데 이는 投光量 부족으로 판단되어 棲息地造成時에는 錄陰期 投光量에 대한 사전 검토가 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 5. 개화율은 섬초롱과 자란에서 높았으며 標高가 높을수록 개화기는 2∼4일 늦어지고 휴면기는 빨라지는 경향이었다. 식물 棲息地 造成時에는 造成 식물의 생장에 적합한 토양, 光環境 등을 고려한 위치 선정이 중요하며, 上層林에 의한 遮光으로 下層 초본식물 遷移速度가 빨라짐으로써 光環境 개선을 위한 上層林의 間伐, 周邊樹種의 更新이 요구된다. In order to make the artificial habitats of Lillium concolor, Campanula takesimana and Bletilla striata that the number of plant became sparse, 150 plants per species were transplanted at the region of 200m, 400m and 600m above sea level. And the growth of plants and the potential as habitats creation were analyzed. In the physical and chemical properties of soils in the there, soil pH was 5.2 to 5.6, organic matter content was 29 to 54g/㎏ and cation exchange capacity(CEC) was 9.4 to 11.5㎝ mol(+)/㎏. The transmittance rates of sunlight of the habitats during the growing periods were 10.8 to 11.6% in the 200m region, 10.8 to 11.4% in the 400m region and 11.0 to 12.8% in the 600m region. These transmittance rates were deficient for normal growth of plants. After the plants were transplanted, the survival rates of three species were high in common but the rates decreased gradually. Especially the decrease rate was high in the Bletilla striata. The causes of decrease were digging and cutting by climbers, sweeping asay by rainfall and freezing damage. Especially, the cold tolerance of Bletilla striata was weak in the natural condition. The growth of planted plants was poor, and it was assumed that the reason was shortage of sunlight transmittance. The flowering rates were high in the Campanula takesimana and Bletilla striata. And as the elevations were high, the flowering was later by 2 to 5 days but the dormancy was earlier. In the artificial making of plant habitats, the growth environment of plants have to be considered to choose the suitable region. And, because the habitats are shaded by the trees and bushes, the thinning of trees and the change of species are needs to improve the light transmission.
우윤식 부산외국어대학교 비교문화연구소 2001 比較文化硏究 Vol.12 No.-
Globalization, defined as a social, cultural process in which by frequent industrial and cultutal exchanges between regions the regional boundness has collapsed and the world appears to be a grand world community, is the topic of conversation in schools, business firms, public organizations, and government organizations or services as a special term accounting for sudden social changes of the world in 1990s. The factors such as the changes in ideology between the West and East caused by the collapse of the old Soviet Union and the unification of the East- and West Germany, the revolution in information and technology and the remarkable developments in the means of transportation whereby the distance in space and time has been narrowed, forming one large community, the possibility of outbreaks of crises anywhere and any time on the earth such as acid rains, air- and water pollution, floods, very heavy snowfalls and sweltering heat which are not to be surmounted by a country or region alone, and the birth of the World Trade Organization(WTO) has prompted globalization, which is being accelerated day by day with the theory of Neo-liberalism in vogue. In such a context, this article is aimed at providing evidences for the possibility of globalization in a true sense, which promises the co-existence and common prosperity of all the human beings on the earth, not for some economic superpowers such as U.S., Britain, France, Japan, etc., under assumption that the globalization in the field of literature will lead to that of culture, which in turn ultimately leads to the achievement of globalization in a true sense. To achieve this goal, the writer has accepted the idea of Gothe who advocated global literature, compared his work Faust with Chunhyangjeon, the love story of Chosen Dynasty, and eventually found that the thoughts, emotions and behaviors of the characters appearing in the two works are almost the same ,but different in some details, which indicates the possibility of global literature in Gothe's view. If global literature is possible as he predicted, the globalization of literature in turn will make the globalization of culture possible, because all the components of culture are characterized as integrated together and functioning as a whole. Then the appearance of global culture will mean the completion of globalization, because the globalization in all the components of culture will create a world society in which cultural factors will play crucial role in enhancing the quality of life.
윤영선,이우창 群山大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.25 No.-
Total quality management (TQM) has quickly become the most important management initiative to improve the global competitiveness of domestic manufacturers and service providers. TQM will have a major impact on production planning and inventory systems. New ways of planning and control will need to be developed to satisfy customers with faster delivery of customized products. Production planning and inventory control professionals will be called on to work on TQM improvement projects. This can have a positive effect on the production planning and inventory control profession as improved customer service from faster cycle time and customizd products gives an organization a competitive advantage. and also named CALS(Continuous Aquisition and Life-cycle Support or Computer-aided Aquisition and Logistic Support) become very popular among companies at these days. So like the series of ISO 9000, studying standard of CALS has been working for development of TQM. After all, the role of CALS in TQM has become very important thing.
윤우용,채철균 한국의료복지시설학회 2006 의료·복지 건축 Vol.12 No.2
Angiography means that a check up to know an abnormal condition in all the blood vessels include from the heart, aortae, cerobrovascular and abdonominal artery to hands and feet. Main examples of this are cerebral angiography, abdominal, liver for urinary anomaly, renovascular angiography, and artery and vein in arms and legs. Angiography uses radial rays or angiography equipment for an image output during interventional procedure and compositive diagnosis. The acts which performed in a projection room have changed drastically. In general, it is performed by using equipment which is attached one or two C-arms and the method of inserting catheter in vein after anesthesia. For this reason, some rooms that consist of angiography room units should be planned not only for expensiveness equipment and facilities also to be germ-free. Nowadays, in the angiography unit case, it is placed independently as the central part of many hospitals. It does not belong to the imaging medical department any more as considering raising filming times and the relation between C.C.U.(coronary care unit) and operation unit. This means the acts performed are diversified and well-organized rooms in support of diagnosis are required. However, it is difficult to plan the angiography room unit due to domestic researches and data on this unit are not enough. Therefore, this study aims at bringing up basic issue for architectural planning of the angiography unit in general hospital.
우윤석 부산 외국어 대학교 1993 外大論叢 Vol.11 No.1
This study aims at explaining the basic causes of the asymmetries to be captured in Clausal Gerunds (CG) with Chomsky's(1986) ECP, based on Chomsky's Barriers framework and Johnson's (1986) analytical work, under the assumption that the asymmetries in CGs are attributable to ECP. We have found out by examining various gerundial constructions that objects and subjects enjoy relative freedom of movement when CGs are complements to Verbs: in case CGs are complements to Prepositions there exist the following two forms of asymmetry: i) objects of Complex Predicate made up of Verb and Preposition are moved relatively freely, hence generating grammatical sentences, whereas the movement in subject positions causes mild ungrammaticality (marginality), ii) but objects in CGs introduced by the gerund class of prepositions like 'by, without, despite, instead of' are difficult in the WH-movement, whereas subjects are impossible. And We have reached the following conclusions that the two forms of asymmetry mentioned above can be accounted for by means of Chomsky's ECP and Johnson's (1988) suggestions. We could explain the first form of asymmetry with ECP as in the following diagram: (1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ kinds of government antecedent lexical degree of government government grammaticality --------------------- positions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a : objects O.K O.K grammatical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b : subjects O.K X marginal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) implies that the θ'-governed empty categories are subject to antecedent government and lexical government plays an important role. In (1a) ECP is fully satisfied, but in (1b) ECP partially satisfied. This fact distinguishes grammaticality from marginality. In the same way, the 2nd form of asymmetry is diagramed as following. (2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ kinds of government antecedent lexical degree of government government grammaticality --------------------- positions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a : objects X O.K marginal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b : subjects X X ungrammatical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In (2a) ECP is partially satisfied, but in (2b) ECP is completely violated. This is the reason why the former is marginal, but the latter is ungrammatical. In this way, We could conclude that the two forms of asymmetry are attributed to ECP and can be accounted for with ECP. However, Chomsky's Theory of Barriers, as discussed in this paper, raises the problem that 'government' should not be defined on barriers.