1969年度 新入生의 國語 學力檢査의 結果分析

全閏植 부산대학교 학생생활연구소 1969 硏究報 Vol.6 No.1

日帝의 宣傳冊을 통해 形成된 韓國像과 韓國人像 : 對韓心像의 形成過程

金允植 서울大學校 附設 國際問題硏究所 1985 論文集 Vol.- No.9

The main purpose of this paper is to deal with the historical formation of Japanese image of Korea since the Meiji Restoration. Japan's image of Korea has been formed through three subsequent periods. During the early Meiji period, Japanese began to form an image of inferior Korea derived from historical experiences of Japanese invasions into Korea. Furthermore, Japanese journalism asserted that Japan had a duty to protect Korea from potential threats of Western imperialism and China. After the Sino-Japanese War and Russo-japanese War, Japanese journalism intensively built the negative image of despicable Korea. In addition, they argued that, as Korea did not have the capability of maintaining its independence, lapin should annex Korea. In consequence, the question of Korea was treated as-domestic affairs during this period. After the japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, Japan made extorts to implement policies based on the image of despicable Korea. Under these circumstances, Japan actively pursued the policy of assimilation toward Korea.

부정사구문에서의 격자질 점검

우윤식 釜山外國語大學校 比較文化硏究所 2000 比較文化硏究 Vol.11 No.-

The aim of this paper is to examine how Case-feature checking takes place in infinitival constructions under Chomsky's(1993,1995) Checking Theory of The Minimalist Program. In connection with this, the brief look at Case theory of P&P is the starting point of our discussion of the Case-feature checking in infinitival constructions, and the Case assignment to NPs, overt or covert, in the subject position of infinitival complements was discussed by grouping verbs taking infinitives as their complement into three patterns, try-, believe-, and expect-verb form. As a result, the possibility of replacing syntactic constraints or conditions proposed by Ross and Chomsky with Case theory and subsuming Bounding theory under Case theory has been revealed. In spite of its advantages mentioned above, Case theory has its theory-internal problems, the asymmetry between nominative and accusative Case assignment, the duplicate Case assignment and Exceptional Case marking. The Case-assignment in Case theory has been replaced by Case-checking in Chomsky's Minimalist Program. The Case-checking in infinitival complements takes place in different manners, depending on what kind of verb pattern they belong to. The Case of a null PRO subject(try-) is checked in a different way from that of an objective subject(believe-verb pattern). That is, the null Case of a PRO subject is internally checked by the null Case of infinitive particle 'to':the Case of an objective subject is externally checked by a transitive matrix verb( ECM verbs such as 'believe'). But the verb 'expect' takes an infinitival complement whose subject position is occupied by a PRO subject or an objective subject; the former is internally checked by the null Case of particle 'to'.whereas the latter by a transitive matrix verb. The Case-feature checking of an objective subject of the infinitival comlement clause taken by ECM verb like 'believe' and 'expect' was made possible by Chomsky's(1991,1993) AgrOp Analysis under Pollock's(1989) SIH. But the solutions to the problems of Case Theory provided by Chomsky's AgrOP Analysis becomes meaningless if AGR as a functional category which triggers Attract/Move-F is excluded from Grammar. As a matter of fact, Chomsky(1995) got rid of AGR as a functional category because of its irrelevance to LF and PF. If this is the case, the syntactic description of the nominative Case-checking in infinitival structures should be made in the following directions. First, the lexical properties of verbs must be fully explored. Second, the scope of syntactic analysis must be extended from sentence to discourse, because the reference relations of PRO have something to do with contexts. Lastly, the syntactic properties of TP must be explored, together with those of infinitive particle 'to'.

동명사절에서의 비대칭 현상과 ECP

우윤석 부산 외국어 대학교 1993 外大論叢 Vol.11 No.1

This study aims at explaining the basic causes of the asymmetries to be captured in Clausal Gerunds (CG) with Chomsky's(1986) ECP, based on Chomsky's Barriers framework and Johnson's (1986) analytical work, under the assumption that the asymmetries in CGs are attributable to ECP. We have found out by examining various gerundial constructions that objects and subjects enjoy relative freedom of movement when CGs are complements to Verbs: in case CGs are complements to Prepositions there exist the following two forms of asymmetry: i) objects of Complex Predicate made up of Verb and Preposition are moved relatively freely, hence generating grammatical sentences, whereas the movement in subject positions causes mild ungrammaticality (marginality), ii) but objects in CGs introduced by the gerund class of prepositions like 'by, without, despite, instead of' are difficult in the WH-movement, whereas subjects are impossible. And We have reached the following conclusions that the two forms of asymmetry mentioned above can be accounted for by means of Chomsky's ECP and Johnson's (1988) suggestions. We could explain the first form of asymmetry with ECP as in the following diagram: (1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ kinds of government antecedent lexical degree of government government grammaticality --------------------- positions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a : objects O.K O.K grammatical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b : subjects O.K X marginal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) implies that the θ'-governed empty categories are subject to antecedent government and lexical government plays an important role. In (1a) ECP is fully satisfied, but in (1b) ECP partially satisfied. This fact distinguishes grammaticality from marginality. In the same way, the 2nd form of asymmetry is diagramed as following. (2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ kinds of government antecedent lexical degree of government government grammaticality --------------------- positions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a : objects X O.K marginal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b : subjects X X ungrammatical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In (2a) ECP is partially satisfied, but in (2b) ECP is completely violated. This is the reason why the former is marginal, but the latter is ungrammatical. In this way, We could conclude that the two forms of asymmetry are attributed to ECP and can be accounted for with ECP. However, Chomsky's Theory of Barriers, as discussed in this paper, raises the problem that 'government' should not be defined on barriers.

영어에서의 소유격 할당과 점검

우윤식 부산 외국어 대학교 2000 外大論叢 Vol.21 No.1

Case generally refers to a grammatical category that represents the syntactic relationships between DPs in sentences through such contrasts as nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative. The means of Case-marking, however, varys from language to language. In languages such as Sanskrit, Latin and Russian, Case is morphologically manifested, while in other languages such as English, French and Chinese, it has little or no overt realization. Despite the crucial role played by Case in determining semantic relations, the study of Case has attracted little attention, especially the genitive Case-assignment and-checking. In this sense, this paper aims at examining the Case assignment of accusative and nominative, compared with genitive Case assignment, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the Case checking of accusative and nominative and at exploring the possibility that the genitive Case-checking can also be carried out in the same way that nominative-and accusative Case checking takes place by raising the relevant DPs into the specifier position in the higher functional projection. Through the discussion of Case assignment', the source, the structural relationship and structural condition with respect to acc-, nom-, and gen- Case assignment can be generalized as follows : 표 삽입(원문을 참조하세요) And Case-assignment in Case Theory has been replaced by Case-checking in Chomsky's Minimalist Program in 1990s. We could account for nominative-and accusative- Case checking by positing the existance of a subject agreement phrase(AgrSP) and of an object agreement phrase(AgrOP) and by raising the relevant DPs into the specifier position of AgrSP and AgrOP respectively. Likewise, genitive Case-checking in genitive gerund structures can also be explained in the same way that nominative-and accusative-DPs are case-checked by assuming that they have a vp-complement and that the subject of the gerund(genitive DP) moves from spec-vp to spec-DP. Thus we can posit that genitive as well as nominative and accusative is case-checked by moving overtly or covertly the relevant DPS into the higher functional projection(AgrSP or AgrOP).

統辭變化와 透明性 原理

禹倫植 釜山外國語大學 文化硏究所 1991 比較文化硏究 Vol.4 No.-

Diachromic syntax, the study of syntactic changes is far less advanced, compared with those of phonological and morphological ones, because of the lack and uncertainty of data available and the want of theoretical grounds. It is no exaggeration to say that the study of historical linguistics before 1960s was that of phonological and morphological changes, and so the study of syntactic changes was totally neglected. Since the middle of the 1960s, diachronic syntax has received much attention from scholars such as Klima(1965), king(1969). Bynan(1977), and Jeffors and Lehiste (1979), but is still in its infancy. In this context, 1 have attempted to contribute to the building of the theory on syntactic changes by examining the description and analysis of syntactic changes in terms of the transformational generative grammar (TG) by Klima(1965) and its problems, by discussing the way of their scientific description, by considering the theories of perceptual strategy and transparency princple (TP) proposed as the theories of linguistic changes by Bever and Langendoen(1972), and Lightfoot(1979) respectively and by testing its explanatory power with concrete examples, and reached the following conculsions. 1. Klima's analysis of syntactic changes by rule changes, that is, rule reordering, may be a correct description of syntactic changes, but says nothing of the causes of the changes. I think that the correct and scientific description is the first step to diachronic syntax, and that we can rely on TG as a way of describing syntactic changes if the description by rule changes is correct. 2. As I mentioned above, the transformational component has proved to be an unlightening context in which to seek motivation for syntactic changes. Therefore, many scholars have tried to give more satisfying explanations for syntactic changes in somewhere else. There are two views concerning the causes of the changes. One of them is the theory of Perceptual str3tegy Propose,』 by Bevel and Langendoen, who explanied structual changes in relative clauses of English by means of pereceptual strategy necessary to interpret complex sentences in the language. However, we cannot account for all syntactic changes by resorting only to perceptual strategy, since changes in syntax contain a variety of complex phenomena. And the other is transparency principle by Lightfoot(1979), who explained his theory with the reanalysis of some of the impersonals as personal constructions. According to Lightfoot, there was no distinction between nominative and accusative case forms, and singular and plural forms as a result of the rigidification of SVO order and the loss of nominal and many verbal inflections, and this syntactic reanalysis took place under these phenomena of ambiquity or intransparency caused by the changes in structure. On the other hand, Traugott(1972) regarded this reanalysis as subjcetivalization, representing the view of the TG. In this sense, Lightfoot's TP representing the revised view of TG, though it is not widely accepted, is considered as well-advanced, compared with Traugott's view. 3. However, Lightfoot's principle, like Bevel and Langendoen's theory, cannot coyer all syntactic changes in that there are many factor involved, analogical, sociolinguistic psychological, cultural, social and political. In conclusion, I agree to Lightfoots' proposal that the theories in grammar and in linguistic changes be distinguished and do propose that the extensive study of syntactic changes be made on the basis of highly structureed theory combined with TG.

페미니즘(Feminism) 언어학의 과제

우윤식 부산 외국어 대학교 2002 外大論叢 Vol.25-2 No.-

Language varies with respect to such social factor as region, social class, ethnicity, context and so on. Gender also serves as an important and independent element which brings about linguistic variation, resulting in linguistic discrimination against women under the hierarchical structure of the particular linguistic society. In this sense this paper aims at finding the ways of doing away with the genderic discriminations in the feminism-linguistic point of view. The topic with respect to the relationship between language and gender was put forward by Lakoff(1973) for the first time, an American linguist who held the view that women hedge, and qualify everything they say, and that with respect to the use of language, women's identities are submerged because they are denied the means of expressing themselves strongly, encouraged to use forms that express uncertainty concerning what they are talking about. Lakoff's view of this kind was shared, and transported to the Western speech community speaking the German language in the early 80s. This was the beginning of Feminism Linguistics(FL), which covers the relationship between language and gender, linguistic violence against women, male-dominated language and the equal status of both sexes in the use of language, and in which several researches for the realization of human language, not male language were conducted by several FL-ists. But the road to the female and male -language which is equal in the language use, irrespective of the speakers' sex is far from being realized, because the process involves several factors. Therefore, the writer thinks that the FL-ists' researches for the linguistic quality of males and females will bear fruit, only when the willingness of the authorities concerned in charge of language policy to solve the linguistic problems goes hand in hand with FL-ists' researches, bringing about the gradual changes in the social attitudes of the members of the particular speech community towards the linguistic discrimination against women.

전분으로부터 Lactobacillus manihotivorans에 의한 젖산생산시 최적발효조건

손민식,권윤중 경기대학교 기초과학연구소 2008 기초과학논문집 Vol.21 No.-

L(+)-lactic acid is a raw material for synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) which is an essential biodegradable polymer, In the polymerization process, the stereospecificity of lactic acid is very important, and selective production of stereospecific lactic acid has been carried out by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Refined glucose and sucrose are the most commonly used substrate for producing lactic acid in fermentation process. However, production cost can be reduced if starch is used, as the saccharification process can be eliminated. Amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) are able to simultaneously hydrolyze and ferment starch to lactic acid. Among several ALAB, Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG 18010 was reported as homofementor that produces only L(+)-lactic acid. In this study, the influence of the most important operational variables on lactic acid production were examined with flask culture. The optimum initial pH for direct fermentation of starch to L(+)-lactic acid by Lb. manihotivorans was 6.5. With 10%(v/v) of inoculum of 12 hr-old cells which was grown in starch containing medium, the best results in lactic acid production were obtained in shake-flask fermentations.

세계문화시대의 국제화

우윤식 부산 외국어 대학교 2001 外大論叢 Vol.23 No.1

Globalization as a social and cultural phenomenon, means that the constraints of geography are shrinking and the world is becoming a single place. Globalization and the global society is increasingly occupying the center of sociological debate. And the opening of the 21st century, the process of globalization is being deeepened, changing almost every aspect of human life. The deepened globalization leads to the birth of a grand world community, which in turn gives birth to International Culture. In this sense, this article aims at making proposals as to the ways of surviving the boundless competition through the analysis of the sudden changes of human conditions caused by globalization and its far-reaching effects. Because of the increase of income and leisure time, development of the means of transportation and the curiosity of humans to fond something new and strange scattered in many places of the world, tourism has emerged as a new promising industry in the 3rd millenium. Accordingly, the individual members composing the world community should play the roles of tourists visiting the strange places and several tourist atattractions of the world on the one hand, and of sight-seeing guides on the other hands. Business firms also play the two functions of controlling the domestic markets and of developing overseas markets at the same time. And the respective states of the world have the two functions of being the independent countries as political, economic, and cultural units and being the membership countries of the world sate. To conclude, I think one of the surest ways of helping the individual people engaged in international firms or composing the world state to perform the two-faced functions mentioned above is to provide each of them as a citizen of international culture with the world map of culture worked out by anthropologists and to enable him to have access to the extensive description of the cultural complex, an constellation of culture elements, such as languages, religions, customs, livelihood, food, clothing and housing, and the like.

세계화에 대한 소고

우윤식 부산외국어대학교 비교문화연구소 2001 比較文化硏究 Vol.12 No.-

Globalization, defined as a social, cultural process in which by frequent industrial and cultutal exchanges between regions the regional boundness has collapsed and the world appears to be a grand world community, is the topic of conversation in schools, business firms, public organizations, and government organizations or services as a special term accounting for sudden social changes of the world in 1990s. The factors such as the changes in ideology between the West and East caused by the collapse of the old Soviet Union and the unification of the East- and West Germany, the revolution in information and technology and the remarkable developments in the means of transportation whereby the distance in space and time has been narrowed, forming one large community, the possibility of outbreaks of crises anywhere and any time on the earth such as acid rains, air- and water pollution, floods, very heavy snowfalls and sweltering heat which are not to be surmounted by a country or region alone, and the birth of the World Trade Organization(WTO) has prompted globalization, which is being accelerated day by day with the theory of Neo-liberalism in vogue. In such a context, this article is aimed at providing evidences for the possibility of globalization in a true sense, which promises the co-existence and common prosperity of all the human beings on the earth, not for some economic superpowers such as U.S., Britain, France, Japan, etc., under assumption that the globalization in the field of literature will lead to that of culture, which in turn ultimately leads to the achievement of globalization in a true sense. To achieve this goal, the writer has accepted the idea of Gothe who advocated global literature, compared his work Faust with Chunhyangjeon, the love story of Chosen Dynasty, and eventually found that the thoughts, emotions and behaviors of the characters appearing in the two works are almost the same ,but different in some details, which indicates the possibility of global literature in Gothe's view. If global literature is possible as he predicted, the globalization of literature in turn will make the globalization of culture possible, because all the components of culture are characterized as integrated together and functioning as a whole. Then the appearance of global culture will mean the completion of globalization, because the globalization in all the components of culture will create a world society in which cultural factors will play crucial role in enhancing the quality of life.