「遊山慕仙詩」의 構想과 表現 -『三敎指歸』와 關係를 中心으로-

( Yun Bo Qiu ) 한국일어일문학회 2013 日語日文學硏究 Vol.87 No.2

「유산모선시(遊山慕仙詩)」는 공해(空海)의 한시문집『성령집(性靈集)』의 開卷作이며, 『문선(文選)』에 수록된 何초와 郭璞의 「유선시(遊仙詩)」에 대한 비평이다. 이 작품은 공해(空海)의 대표적인 한 수로서 주목 받고 있다. 지금까지의 선행연구는 다양하게 이루어지고 있지만, 동(同)작품의 구상과 표현을 공해(空海)작품의 흐름 속에서 고찰하고 있는 연구는 눈에 띄지 않는 것 같다. 그래서 本稿에서는, 「유산모선시(遊山慕仙詩)」라고 하는 시가를 공해(空海)문학의 흐름속에 관점을 두고 『삼교지귀(三敎指歸)』와의 관계를 중심으로 검토하고, 그 構想의 表現을 고찰한다. 本稿에 있어서 고찰한 결과 첫째,「유산모선시(遊山慕仙詩)」라는 詩歌는 『삼교지귀(三敎指歸)』와 같이 공해(空海)가 眞言密敎思想을 선양하기 위한 것이다. 그리고 양자는 함께 삼교논쟁(三敎論爭)이라는 사상적배경을 바탕으로 공해(空海)의 포교수단에 지나지 않는다. 둘째,「유산모선시(遊山慕仙詩)」는 『삼교지귀(三敎指歸)』의 構想을 근거로 하면서, 거듭 정리한 것이다. 『삼교지귀(三敎指歸)』로 이미 논하고 있던 三敎論을 詩歌라고 하는 형식으로 한번 더 정리 되었다. 그 詩文은 儒敎의 부족함에 대한 批評·道敎의 부족함에 대한 批評·眞言密敎의 우월함의 강조라고 하는 三段式으로 이루어져 있다. 셋째, 詩歌의 표현은『삼교지귀(三敎指歸)』와 같이 많은 중국 고전전적(古典典籍)을 차용하고, 그리고 동물 은유법라고 하는 문학표현을 받아들이고 있다. 중국 고전전고(古典典故)의 다량인용은 공해(空海)가 뛰어난 한시문의 교양을 나타내고, 양자의 인용 중복은 공해(空海)작품의 관련성을 나타내고 있다. 동물 은유법은 공해(空海)의 자비심을 드러내는 동시에 종교인으로서의 문학의식도 반영하고 있다. 따라서 本稿에서는 「유산모선시(遊山慕仙詩)」라고 하는 詩歌의 構想이라고 表現을 밝혔다. “Yusan-bosen-shi”, the beginning poem of Kuukai’s Chinese poetry collection “Shoryoshu”, comments and criticizes another poem “A Fairy Poem” by He Shao and Guo Pu stored in a "Selected Literature". As one representative poem of Kuukai, this work attracts attention. Although its previous research was performed variously, it seems that the research considering the concept and expression of the poem in the flow of the Kuukai’s work is not found. Therefore, this paper will view “Yusan-bosen-shi” in the flow of the Kuukai’s literature, examining its concept and expression with relation to “Sang? Shiiki”. As a result of the research, this paper draws the conclusions as follows. Firstly, “Yusan-bosen-shi” confesses Kuukai’s religious mind of esoteric Buddhism, like what he does in “Sang? Shiiki”. And both texts are carried out under the thought background of “Three Religions Concept”. Actually they are only the means of Kuukai’s preaching of his religious thought. Secondly, “Yusan-bosen-shi” further expounds the “Three Religions Concept” discussed in “Sang? Shiiki”, in the form of poem. It consists of three steps: the criticism of the insufficiency of Confucianism, the criticism of the insufficiency of Taoism, and finally the generalization of the superiority of the esoteric Buddhism over them. Thirdly, like “Sang? Shiiki”, the poem of “Yusan-bosen-shi” quotes a lot from Chinese classic works as a way to express , and takes in the figurative expressions called the metaphor of animals. Kuukai’s abundant quotation from the Chinese classic works shows his depth of knowledge of the Chinese literature. And the duplication of quotations in these two texts shows the relevance of the Kuukai’s works. The application of animal metaphors shows Kuukai’s merciful heart towards all living creatures. And all the above shows Kuukai’s literary consciousness as a religionist. Thus, the concept and expression of the poem “Yusan-bosen-shi” is clarified in this paper.

三敎指歸 の蛭牙公子像

구운파 ( Yun Bo Qiu ) 한국일어일문학회 2012 日語日文學硏究 Vol.83 No.2

This article`s object of study is Situga(蛭牙) who is one of the characters in "Sango Shiiki"(三敎指歸)of Kuukai(空海) and is put in the panorama of the works of Kuukai(空海) in order to understand the character`s image, effect and nature. Besides in "Sango Shiiki"(三敎指歸), you can also see this character in the other works of Kuukai(空海). Therefore, this article will do research on his other works -- "Shoryoshu"(性靈集),"Jujushinron"(十住心論) with the purpose of better understanding the characteristics of his image and effect. The results of my research are as follows: Firstly, the reason why I set this character is the debate among Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in Japan at that period. In order to deal with his own insights into the three religions, Kuukai(空海)used his nephew as a model, commonly educated by the three religions. Therefore, that figure was the starting point of Kuukai(空海)`s literature. Secondly, in the addition to "Sango Shiiki"(三敎指歸), you can also find it in "Shoryoshu"(性靈集).The comparison to animals used in the two works is not to look down upon such people as Situga(蛭牙), but to influence and educate them, which is originated from Kuukai(空海)`s Buddhist merciful desire. So this figure also reflects his starting point of his thoughts of Esoteric Buddhism. Thirdly, with the help of this character, Kuukai(空海)can show his attitude to the debate of three religions and began spreading Buddhism from then on. As a monk sent to Tang, he learned authentic Esoteric Buddhism in Changan of the Tang Dynasty, which was brought back to Japan, and started to save all beings. After the "Shoryoshu"(性靈集) and other works, Kuukai(空海)`s thought ,dating from the setting of Situga(蛭牙), gradually became mature in the practice of all beings and finally formed the "Jujushinron"(十住心論). Situga (蛭牙) `s heart is the first heart of "Jujushinron"(十住心論)of the butting goat`s heart, which is the theoretical base on "Jujushinron"(十住心論). Consequently, Situga(蛭牙)`s real image and characteristic is made clear.

공해문학에 보이는 법신관 -『삼교지귀』와 『성령집』를 중심으로-

구운파 ( Yun Bo Qiu ) 한국일어일문학회 2014 日語日文學硏究 Vol.91 No.2

본 연구는 공해(空海·774-835)의 대표작인 『삼교지귀(三敎指歸)』와 『성령집(性靈集)』을 중심으로, 공해 문학의 법신관(法身觀)을 고찰한 것이다. 진언밀교(眞言密敎)의 법신사상은 공해 문학의 중심사상이며, 공해 문학의사상적인 토대라고 말해도 과언이 아니다. 그리고, 법신사상은 공해의 종교인으로서의 문학의식을 반영하고 있다. 법신세계에 대한 문학적인 묘사는, 어디까지나, 특정한 대상을 경계하기 위해서다. 불교이론의 난해함을 문학적인 표현을통해서 해석하는 것은, 독자에 대한 배려이며, 사람들을 진언밀교에의 길로 이끌기 위해서다. 그의 문학창작은, 세속의 문학작품과 다르고, 중생구제를 목적으로 하고 있다. Focusing on the masterpieces,“Sang Shiiki” and “Shoryoshu” by Kuukai, thisessay does some research on the dharma-kaya view of the Kuukai literature. The dharma-kaya view of Shingon Mikkyo is a central idea of the Kuukailiterature, as well as the ideological foundation of the Kuukai literature. And the dharma-kaya view reflects Kuukai``s literary consciousness as a religionist. The literary depiction to the dharma-kaya world is to lead the society to the beliefin Buddhism. Through the literay description, it simplifies the buddhist theory,embodying his concern about his readers, and draws the way their belief. Hismasterpieces are different from ordinary literary works, aiming at saving the commonpeople. Besides, because of the Confucious education accepted during his childhood andconvertion to Buddhism as a young man, he is a Buddhist and of high literacy.Whilehis works are based on Buddhist thoughts we can also find out the literay performancin them, which is rarely seen in heian era. Therefore, after the analysis of this essay,we can have a good understanding of The View on dharma-kaya.

Study on molten salt oxidation process of simulated Co doped cation exchange resins

Yun Xue,Yue-Lin Wang,Yu Li,Wen-Da Xu,Fu-Qiu Ma,Yang-Hai Zheng,Qing-Guo Zhang,Zhi Zhang,Mi-lin Zhang,Yong-De Yan 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.126 No.-

Cation exchange resins (CERs) are widely applied to purify waste liquids generated during the operationof nuclear reactors. The radioactive nuclides 60Co and 58Co are important corrosion activation products inreactor cooling water. In this study, the simulated Co doped CERs were oxidized with ternary carbonate. According to the thermogravimetric analysis (TG), the decomposition of Co doped CERs includes threeprocesses: 1. Elimination of the osmotic water; 2. Pyrolysis of sulfonic acid group; 3. Destruction of styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate that sulfur mainly exists inthe form of sulfate in waste salt. The Co2+ undergoes the path of CoS2 ? Co3O4 with the increase of temperatureand the transition point is 650 C. Combined with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR)spectra and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, sulfonic acid groups begin to decomposeat 350 C. During the molten salt oxidation process, most of the sulfur in sulfonic acid groups is entrappedby carbonate as the form of sulfate, and a little of which remains as sulfone group, sulfoxide group andsulfur bridge in residue. When the resins are oxidized at 800 C, the retention rate of Co2+ is 97.3%, indicatingthat the molten salt oxidation can effectively remain Co2+ and convert it into a more stablesubstance.

Isoflavanones from the Stem of Cassia siamea and Their Anti-tobacco Mosaic Virus Activities

Qiu-Fen Hu,De-Yun Niu,Bin Zhou,Yan-Qing Ye,Gang Du,Chun-Yang Meng,Xue-Mei Gao 대한화학회 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.10

Two new isoflavanones, (3R) 7,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-5-methoxycarbonyl-isoflavanone (1) and (3R) 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-5-methoxycarbonyl-isoflavanone (2), together with six known isoflavanones (3-8), were isolated from the stems of Cassia siamea. The structure of 1-8 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. Compounds 1, 2, 5-8 were evaluated for their antitobacco mosaic virus (Anti-TMV) activity. The results showed that compounds 1 and 6 showed potential anti- TMV activity with inhibition rates of 24.6% and 26.9%, respectively. Compounds 2, 5, 7, 8 also showed anti- TMV activity with inhibition rates in the range of 11.8-18.6%.

Isoflavanones from the Stem of Cassia siamea and Their Anti-tobacco Mosaic Virus Activities

Hu, Qiu-Fen,Niu, De-Yun,Zhou, Bin,Ye, Yan-Qing,Du, Gang,Meng, Chun-Yang,Gao, Xue-Mei Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.10

Two new isoflavanones, (3R) 7,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-5-methoxycarbonyl-isoflavanone (1) and (3R) 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-5-methoxycarbonyl-isoflavanone (2), together with six known isoflavanones (3-8), were isolated from the stems of Cassia siamea. The structure of 1-8 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. Compounds 1, 2, 5-8 were evaluated for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (Anti-TMV) activity. The results showed that compounds 1 and 6 showed potential anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates of 24.6% and 26.9%, respectively. Compounds 2, 5, 7, 8 also showed anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates in the range of 11.8-18.6%.

Path Following of Underactuated Unmanned Surface Vehicle Based on Trajectory Linearization Control with Input Saturation and External Disturbances

Bingbing Qiu,Guo-Feng Wang,Yun-Sheng Fan,Dong-Dong Mu,Xiaojie Sun 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2020 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.18 No.8

This paper investigates the path following control problem for underactuated unmanned surface vehicle(USV) in the presence of unmodeled dynamics, external disturbances and input saturation. A novel adaptive robustpath following control scheme is proposed by employing trajectory linearization control (TLC) technology andfinite-time disturbance observer, which is composed of a concise yaw rate controller and a surge speed controller. The salient features of the proposed scheme include: a path following guidance law is designed to ensure USVeffectively converging to and following the desired path; TLC is introduced into the field of USV motion controlas new effective technique, and it is the first time used to design path following controller for underactuated USV;a finite-time nonlinear tracking differentiator is constructed not only to avoid the signal jump caused by derivation,but also to filter noise and high frequency interference. A finite-time disturbance observer (FDO) is devised toexactly observe the uncertain dynamics and unknown external disturbances, which improves the tracking accuracyand precise disturbance rejection of the proposed controller; then, an auxiliary dynamic system that is governed bysmooth switching function is developed to compensate for the saturation constraint on actuator. Stability analysisverifies that all signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, simulation results andcomparisons illustrate the superiority of the proposed control scheme.

Microblogging and Social Change in China

( Jia Lu ),( Yun Xi Qiu ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2013 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.37 No.3

In this article we examine the role of microblogging in the ongoing process of social change in China, focusing on its impacts on the formation of civil society and the public sphere. We identify several important features of Chinese microblogging, including an antiauthoritarian stance, opinion leaders, and organized campaigns. Theoretically, these features reflect two major social processes that are simultaneously taking place in China today: modernization and globalization. Through microblogging, these processes influence each other to achieve three possible consequences of social change: fragmentation, development of civil society and the public sphere, and networked violence. Our analysis indicates the failure of civil society and the public sphere to develop as well as the rise of networked violence.

Identification and Characterization of an Anaerobic Ethanol-Producing Cellulolytic Bacterial Consortium from Great Basin Hot Springs with Agricultural Residues and Energy Crops

( Chao Zhao ),( Yun Jin Deng ),( Xing Aa Wang ),( Qiu Zhe Li ),( Yi Fan Huang ),( Bin Liu ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2014 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.24 No.9

In order to obtain the cellulolytic bacterial consortia, sediments from Great Basin hot springs (Nevada, USA) were sampled and enriched with cellulosic biomass as the sole carbon source. The bacterial composition of the resulting anaerobic ethanol-producing celluloytic bacterial consortium, named SV79, was analyzed. With methods of the full-length 16S rRNA librarybased analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 21 bacteria belonging to eight genera were detected from this consortium. Clones with closest relation to the genera Acetivibrio, Clostridium, Cellulosilyticum, Ruminococcus, and Sporomusa were predominant. The cellulase activities and ethanol productions of consortium SV79 using different agricultural residues (sugarcane bagasse and spent mushroom substrate) and energy crops (Spartina anglica, Miscanthus floridulus, and Pennisetum sinese Roxb) were studied. During cultivation, consortium SV79 produced the maximum filter paper activity (FPase, 9.41 U/ml), carboxymethylcellulase activity (CMCase, 6.35 U/ml), and xylanase activity (4.28 U/ml) with sugarcane bagasse, spent mushroom substrate, and S. anglica, respectively. The ethanol production using M. floridulus as substrate was up to 2.63 mM ethanol/g using gas chromatography analysis. It has high potential to be a new candidate for producing ethanol with cellulosic biomass under anoxic conditions in natural environments.

Comparison of drought resistance of rootstocks 'M9-T337' and 'M26' grafted with 'Huashuo' apple

Shi Cai-Yun,Liu Li,Li Qiu-Li,Wei Zhi-Feng,Gao Deng-Tao 한국원예학회 2022 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.63 No.3

Drought stress is one of the main limiting factors in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivation. Rootstock plays an important role in the drought tolerance of apple plants. ‘M.9-T337’ is a novel apple rootstock that was recently introduced and widely cultivated in China. In this study, we selected the new, widely promoted Chinese apple variety ‘Huashuo’ as the scion and grafted it onto ‘M.9-T337’ (HM9). Another combination, ‘Huashuo’/‘M.26’/Malus robusta Rehd. (HM26), served as the experimental control to analyse drought resistance in the two hybrids. We believe that this empirical approach is more representative than merely studying rootstock seedlings. After sustained drought stress for over 1 month, the leaf relative water content had decreased in both types of plants, but to a lesser extent in HM26 than in HM9. The SPAD values increased in both plants, but without significant difference. Drought stress reduced photosynthetic activity in both plants, and the net photosynthetic rate was higher in HM26 than in HM9. The observed changes in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that drought had damaged the PSII activity centres of both plants, photosynthetic electron transfer was inhibited, and excessive excitation energy accumulated. However, compared to HM26, HM9 displayed lower maximal PSII quantum photochemical efficiency and potential PSII activity. Moreover, HM9 showed lower antioxidant enzyme activity than HM26 under drought stress. A membership function analysis confirmed that ‘M.9-T337’ was less drought resistant than ‘M.26’. Nevertheless, ‘M.9-T337’ could still recover after prolonged drought stress, indicating it also had good drought resistance.