한국전쟁기간 중국의 군비지출과 대북지원

Wang Yuan Zhou 건국대학교 통일인문학연구단 2011 통일인문학 Vol.52 No.-

중화인민공화국 건국 1년도 채 되지 않은 1950년 6월 25일 발발한 한국전쟁으로 당시 중국공산당의 재정은 매우 어려운 상황에 직면했다. 이 위기에서 벗어나기 위해 중국은 노력하고 있었다. 미국이 한국전쟁에 개입하여 전세가 역전되었을 때 중국은 파병여부를 토의하는 과정에서 군사문제뿐만 아니라 재정적인 부담 또한 고려해야만 했다. 한국전쟁 이후 중국과 북한간의 구상무역이 어려워지자 북한은 중국에 각종 물자, 현금과 인적 자원의 원조를 요청하였고, 중국 동북지역은 사실상 북한의 후방 지원 기지가 되었다. 북한의 각종 원조에 대해 중국정부는 동북인민정부와 동북군구에 명하여 북한이 만족할 수 있도록 충분한 지원을 하도록 하였다. 심지어 당시 제공된 원조 성격을 가지지 않는 물자와 비용은 전후 모두 원조한 것으로 처리하였다. 정전 협정 이후 중국과 북한은"경제와 문화 협력에 관한 협정"을 체결하여 구 인민폐 8조 원 지원하고, 북한의 철로 등 교통 시설 복구에 참여했을 뿐만 아니라 북한학생의 중국 유학과 기술자를 양성하여 북한의 전후 복구에 있어 중요한 역할을 하였다. The Korean War, broke out in June 25, 1950 which was only one year after People's Republic of China(PRC) was found, aggravate the financial difficulties of Communist Party of China (CPC). CPC recognised that it was not only military affairs but also financial issues when they were discussing whether to fight due to USA was involved in the Korean War and turned the tide. North Korea requested PRC for help in resources, financial and human resource areas. The north eastern part of China became the back base for supporting. CPC required the local people's governments and army headquarters in north eastern China to satisfy all the requirements from North Korea. After the armistice of Korean War was signed, PRC and North Korea signed an Economic and Cultural Cooperation Agreement. The amount of assistance from PRC to North Korea was 8 trillion old yuan. PRC helped North Korea repairing the transportations such as railway and trained their technical staff via studying in China. In conclusion, PRC plays a key role in the reconstruction of North Korea after the Korean War.

The complete mitochondrial genome of a threatened loach (Sinibotia reevesae) and its phylogeny

Yuan‑Chao Zou,Bi‑Wen Xie,Chuan‑Jie Qin,Yong‑Ming Wang,Deng‑Yue Yuan,Rui Li,Zheng‑Yong Wen 한국유전학회 2017 Genes & Genomics Vol.39 No.7

In present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Sinibotia reevesae was first sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technology and annotated using bioinformatic tools. The circular mitochondrial genome was 16,572 bp in length, and contained 13 proteincoding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 displacement loop locus. It presents a typical gene organization and order for completely sequenced cypriniformes mitogenomes. The control region could be divided into three parts included the extended termination associated sequence domain, the central conserved domain and the conserved sequence block. Interestingly, two stemloop domains were found in control region and OL region, respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses using concatenated amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the 13 protein-coding genes with two different methods (Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis) both highly supported the close relationship of S. reevesae and Sinibotia superciliaris, which was in line with the previous classifications based on morphological and molecular studies. These data provide useful information for a better understanding of the mitogenomic diversities and evolution in fish as well as novel genetic markers for studying population genetics and species identification.

Purification and Physicochemical Characterization of a Recombinant Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase from Oryza sativa

Wang, Zebin,Wang, Feng,Duan, Rui,Liu, Jin-Yuan Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2007 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.40 No.3

Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is an unique antioxidant enzyme that directly reduces lipid hydroperoxides in biomembranes. In the present work, the entire encoding region for Oryza sativa PHGPx was expressed in Escherichia coli M15, and the purified fusion protein showed a single band with 21.0 kD and pI = 8.5 on SDS- and IFE-PAGE, respectively. Judging from CD and fluorescence spectroscopy, this protein is considered to have a well-ordered structure with 12.2% $\alpha$-helix, 30.7%$\beta$-sheet, 18.5% $\delta$-turn, and 38.5% random coil. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme activity were pH 9.3 and 27$^{\circ}C$. The enzyme exhibited the highest affinity and catalytical efficiency to phospholipid hydroperoxide employing GSH or Trx as electron donor. Moreover, the protein displayed higher GSH-dependent activity towards t-Butyl-OOH and $H_2O_2$. These results show that OsPHGPx is an enzyme with broad specificity for hydroperoxide substrates and yielded significant insight into the physicochemical properties and the dynamics of OsPHGPx.

Feature-based fuzzy control adaptive finite-element mesh generation for electromagnetic fields

Wang, Shuhong,Yuan, Liang,Qiu, Jie,Wang, Semyung IEEE 2005 IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol.41 No.5

Considering the feature-based initial mesh generation and the a posteriori error estimator, a fuzzy control adaptive finite-element mesh generation method is presented. The error of potential derivative of each element is regarded as the input of fuzzy controller. Fuzzy rules and reasoning mechanism are constructed. Consequently, the size of the elements and refinement of mesh can be controlled. Applications suggest that this method has advantages such as fast convergence and reasonable element distribution, with strong adaptation.

Aquaporin-1 facilitates proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells via GRB7-mediated ERK and Ras activation

Wang Zhenjie,Wang Yujuan,He Yuan,Zhang Ning,Chang Wei,Niu Yahui 한국통합생물학회 2020 Animal cells and systems Vol.24 No.5

Gastric cancer, one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive tract, is devoid of effective treatment owing to its highly invasive ability. Aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane water channel proteins, has been shown to be involved in the malignancy of gastric cancer. This study aims to investigate the pathophysiological roles of AQP-1 in gastric cancer. We first demonstrated quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and found upregulation of AQP-1 in gastric cancer cell lines. Additionally, silence of AQP-1 inhibited cell proliferation via decrease of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2). Moreover, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells were also suppressed by the interference of AQP-1. However, the tumorigenic mechanism of AQP-1 on gastric cancer is yet to be found. We demonstrated western blot analysis and found that knockdown of AQP-1 decreased protein expression of phospho (p)-GRB7 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 7) and led to a remarkable reduction of p-extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK) via inactivation of RAS. In general, our findings indicated that AQP-1 facilitates proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells via GRB7-mediated ERK and Ras activation, illuminating a novel AQP-1-RAS/ERK molecular axis as regulator in gastric cancer progression and suggesting potential implications in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Systematic characterization of A-to-I RNA editing hotspots in microRNAs across human cancers

Wang, Yumeng,Xu, Xiaoyan,Yu, Shuangxing,Jeong, Kang Jin,Zhou, Zhicheng,Han, Leng,Tsang, Yiu Huen,Li, Jun,Chen, Hu,Mangala, Lingegowda S.,Yuan, Yuan,Eterovic, A. Karina,Lu, Yiling,Sood, Anil K.,Scott, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2017 Genome research Vol.27 No.7

<P>RNA editing, a widespread post-transcriptional mechanism, has emerged as a new player in cancer biology. Recent studies have reported key roles for individual miRNA editing events, but a comprehensive picture of miRNA editing in human cancers remains largely unexplored. Here, we systematically characterized the miRNA editing profiles of 8595 samples across 20 cancer types from miRNA sequencing data of The Cancer Genome Atlas and identified 19 adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing hotspots. We independently validated 15 of them by perturbation experiments in several cancer cell lines. These miRNA editing events show extensive correlations with key clinical variables (e.g., tumor subtype, disease stage, and patient survival time) and other molecular drivers. Focusing on the RNA editing hotspot in miR-200b, a key tumor metastasis suppressor, we found that the miR-200b editing level correlates with patient prognosis opposite to the pattern observed for the wild-type miR-200b expression. We further experimentally showed that, in contrast to wild-type miRNA, the edited miR-200b can promote cell invasion and migration through its impaired ability to inhibit <I>ZEB1/ZEB2</I> and acquired concomitant ability to repress new targets, including <I>LIFR</I>, a well-characterized metastasis suppressor. Our study highlights the importance of miRNA editing in gene regulation and suggests its potential as a biomarker for cancer prognosis and therapy.</P>

[P3-44] Application of Extruded Hemp-Rice Flour in the Bread-Making

Yuan-Yuan Wang,Krittika Norajit,Gi-Hyung Ryu 한국식품영양과학회 2010 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2010 No.10

Reinforced high-strength concrete square columns confined by aramid FRP jackets. part I: experimental study

Yuan-feng Wang,Yi-Shuo Ma,Han-liang Wu 국제구조공학회 2011 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.11 No.6

Although retrofitting and strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) columns by wrapping fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have become a popular technique in civil engineering, the study on reinforced high-strength concrete (HSC) columns is still not sufficient. The objective of these companion papers is to investigate the mechanical properties of reinforced HSC square columns confined by aramid FRP (AFRP) jackets under concentric compressive loading. In the part I of these companion papers, an experiment was conducted on 54 confined RC specimens and nine unconfined plain specimens, the considered parameters were the concrete strength, the thickness of AFRP jackets, and the form of AFRP wrapping. The experimental process and results are presented in detail. Subsequently, some discussions on the confinement effect, failure modes, strength, and ductility of the columns are carried out.

Elucidating the Role of Anthropogenic Aerosols in Arctic Sea Ice Variations

Wang, Yuan,Jiang, Jonathan H.,Su, Hui,Choi, Yong-Sang,Huang, Lei,Guo, Jianping,Yung, Yuk L. American Meteorological Society 2018 Journal of climate Vol.31 No.1

Influence of Extrusion Condition and Hemp Addition on Wheat Dough and Bread Properties

Yuan-Yuan Wang,Krittika Norajit,김미환,김영호,류기형 한국식품과학회 2013 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.22 No.suppl1

This study was to evaluate the influence of hemp addition and extrusion conditions on properties of dough and bread. The extruded and non-extruded hemp/rice flours with different hemp/rice ratio were mixed with wheat flour at 15% ratio. In those flour assays, extrusion greatly decreased the paste viscosities, while the addition of hemp inhibited the decrease of peak viscosity on the extrusion condition. The onset gelatinization temperature was extended due to the hemp addition. The test on dough properties showed that extrusion increased water absorption,arrival time, weakness, extensibility, and the volume after 105 min fermentation, and decreased the stability time and elasticity of dough, while hemp addition mainly increased the weakness and extensibility. For bread properties,extrusion decreased the specific volume, crust and crumb L value, and uniformed air cells, when the hemp addition increased the bread specific volume and decreased the hardness during storage time.