Hot Deformation Behavior and Recrystallization Mechanism in an As-Cast CoNi-Based Superalloy

Yong Guan,Yongchang Liu,Zongqing Ma,Huijun Li,Hongyao Yu 대한금속·재료학회 2022 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.28 No.6

The hot deformation behavior of as-cast CoNi-based superalloy was investigated by means of hot compression tests. Thecorresponding microstructure evolution after hot deformation was examined by optical microscope, as well as the TEMtechnique. The constitutive equation and processing map as a function of deformation temperature and strain rate were developed. Results show that the efficiency peak of the processing map is 0.38 at the temperature of 1130 °C and the strain rate of0.01 s−1. The discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) related to the strain-induced grain boundary migration (SIBM)is the dominant recrystallization mechanism during hot working. Meanwhile, the DRX also occurs by forming sub-grainsaround MC carbides and shear band. In addition, the existence of fine γ′ precipitates are found to retard the recrystallization.

항정신병약물 사용 중인 정신분열병 환자에서 올란자판으로의 교체 방법에 관한 연구(II) : Comparison of Safety 안전성 비교

안용민,권용실,권준수,민성호,박두병,양문정,소형석,송종호,신윤식,우행원,유범희,이홍석,정한용,한창환,김용식 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.5

연구목적: 이 다기관 공동임상연구는 사용 중인 항정신병약물을 ’직접 교체 방법’또는 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’중 한 가지 방법으로 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, 안정성 측면에서 두 교체 방법 간의 비교와 교체후의 변화를 관찰하기 위한 것이다. 방법: 국내 13개 병원의 입원 및 외래에 내원한 환자들 중 ICD-10 지단기준으로 정신분열병에 해당되며, 임상적으로 항정신병약물 교체가 필요한 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 두 가지 교체 방법 중 한 가지를 무작위로 피험자에 적용하였으며, ’직접 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우에는 사용중인 항정신병약물을 일시에 중단하고 10㎎의 올란자핀을 바로 투여하였고, ’시작-감량 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우는 10㎎의 올란자핀 투여하고 2주에 걸쳐서 기존 약물을 감량하여 중단하였다. 올란자핀 사용기간은 총 6주이며, 용량은 5∼20㎎ 범위로 제한하였다. 한정성 평가를 위해서 체중, 생명징후, 자발적인 이상반응 복, 실험실 검사 그리고 Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes akathisia rating scale(BARS), Abnormal involuntary movement scale(AIMS). Liverpool University neuroleptic side effect rating scale(LUNSERS)등을 이용하였다. 결과: 총 103명의 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 사용한 올란자핀의 용량, 벤조디아제핀의 병용률, 탈락률과 탈락 사유, 자발적인 이상반응 보고, 생명징후, 실험실 검사 그리고 대부분의 부작용 척도 상에서 임상적으로 의미 있는 차이를 두 교체 방법간에 발견하지 못하였다. 다만 AIMS의 감소는 ’직접 교체 방법’군에서 보다 적었고, 항콜린제의 병용률은 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’군에서 보다 많았다. 기저 상태에서 전체 피험자의 SAS와 BARS 점수는 각각 3.5점과 1.8점이었으며 70% 이상의 피험자가 고프로락틴 혈증을 보였다. 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, SAS, BARS, AIMS 점수의 유의한 감소가 있었으며 고프로락틴 혈증을 보인 피험자 분율도 약 30%이하로 감소하였다. 그러나 교체 방법과 상관없이 올란자핀 교체 후 유의한 체중 증가가 있었다. 결론: 이 연구를 통해 교체 방법에 관계없이 비교적 안전하고 용이하게 올란자핀으로 교체 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기존 항정신병약물을 올란자핀으로 교체함으로써 일부 부작용들을 줄일 수 있음을 간접적으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구는 여러 제한점과 문제점을 지니고 있기 때문에 보다 체계적인 연구를 통해 검정이 필요하리라 생각된다. Objectives: This multicenter clinical trial involving 13 hospital sites compared the safely of switching to olanzapine between ’direct switching method’ and ’start-tapering switching method’. Method: This study included both inpatients and outpatients who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia as defined in the ICD-10, and were in need to be appropriate for switching antipsychotics. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two switching methods. For ’direct switching method’group, previous antipsychotics were abruptly discontinued and 10㎎ of olanzapine was administered, and previous antipsychotics was gradually tapered for 2 weeks. Olanzapine was used for 6 weeks and the dose was adjusted within the range of 5-20㎎. The safety of switching to olanzapine was measured with vital sings including body weight, adverse events reported spontaneously, laboratory tests, and various scales such as Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale(BARS). Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS), and Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale(LUNSERS). Results: 103 patients were switched to olanzapine in this study. The comparison between two switching methods did not show any significant difference in the dosage of olanzapine used, the concomitant use of benzodiazepine, the rate and reasons of drop-out, the adverse events, vital signs, laboratory tests, and most scales for measuring side-effects. However, the decrease in AIMS scores was significantly lower in ’direct switching method’ group, and the concomitant use of anticholinergics was comparatively greater in ’start-tapering switching method’ group. At baseline, SAS and BARS scores were 3.5 and 1.8 points respectively, and more than 70% of the subjects showed hyperprolactinemia. After switching to olanzapine, SAS, BARS, and AIMS scores were significantly decreased and the proportion of the patients with hyperprolactinemia was also decreased to less than 30%. However significant weight gain after the treatment of olanzapine was observed regardless of switching method. Conclusion: This study may suggest that switching to olanzapine can be done with relatively high safety regardless of switching methods and olanzapine can significantly decrease some side-effects induced by other antipsychotics.

Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorok이 생산하는 Biopolymer YU-122의 물리, 화학적 특성

최용석(Yong-Suk, Choi),옥승호(Seung-Ho Ohk),유주현(Ju-Hyun Yu),배동훈(Dong-Hoon Bai) 한국식품과학회 1997 한국식품과학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Metarrhizium anisopliae(Metschn.) Sorok이 생산하는 Biopolymer YU-122의 생산과 그 특성

최용석,옥승호,유주현,배동현 한국산업미생물학회 1997 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.25 No.1

토양으로부터 분리한 Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorok이 생산하는 biopolymer를 정제하여 분석하고, 그의 생산조건을 검토하였다. 탄소원으로 mannitol, 질소원으로는 polypepton을 사용했을 때 가장 많은 biopolymer를 생산하였고 K_2HPO_4 및 CaCl_2를 첨가함으로서 생산량이 더욱 증가하였다. 또한 이 biopolymer를 정제하여 그 분자량과 구성성분을 검토한 결과 Metarrhizium anisopliae(Metschn.) Sorok이 생산하는 Biopolymer YU-122는 분자량이 1.7×10 exp (6)이고, C, H의 구성비가 1:2이며 미량의 N이 검출되었으나, 주 구성성분은 glucose와 galactose의 환원당으로 이루어져있는 전혀 새로운 biopolymer인 것으로 나타났다. To produce biopolymer, Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorok was cultured in a medium containing glucose 1.0%, sucrose 2.0%, soluble starch 1.0%, yeast extract 0.5%, polypeptone 0.5%, K_2HPO_4 0.1%, MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.02%. The culture broth was centrifuged and the polymer was harvested by adding methanol to the culture supernatant. When three times of methanol was added, the polymer was coagulated and precipitated. Then it was further purifued through successive SK-1B, SA-20P, HP-20 column chromatographies. This polymer was designated as Biopolymer YU-122. C:H ratio of this Biopolymer YU-122 was 1:2 and small amount of N is detected by CHN analyzer. Glucose and galactose are main components of this polymer. Average molecular weight of this biopolymer was 1.7×10 exp (6) by Sepharose 4B gel permeation chromatography. Optimal condition for biopolymer production was investigated. When 5% of mannitol was used as a carbon source, and polypepton as a N source, highest productivity of biopolymer was achieved. C/N ratio as nutrient was also a major factor in polymer production and its optimal ratio was 3.

자기효능감과 수업동기 및 학교생활적응간의 관계 탐색

김용래,유효현 弘益大學校 人文科學硏究所 2002 人文科學 Vol.10 No.-

The purpose of this examination was to find out the relationship among secondary school learners' self-efficacy, instructional motivation and school life-related coping. And in order to achieve the purpose of this examination sampled middle/high school learners in Seoul and other areas. The instruments used for the data collection were 「Self-efficacy Scale」 (Kim, A-Young, 1997), 「School Learning Motivation」 (Kim, Yong-Rae, 2000) and 「School Adjustment Scale」 (Kim, Yong-Rae, 2000). The collected data analysis were performed using SPSS/WIN(11.0V) program, and analysis Mean score(M), Standard Deviation(SD), Zero Order Correlation(r) and Multi-Regression Analysis All statistic values were tested by t-test and F-test in the significant level of p<05. And as for the major findings of this examination, 'self-efficacy', 'instructional motivation' and 'school life-related coping' were significantly positive correlation. And 'self-efficacy' and 'instructional motivation' were significantly positive influences on Korea secondary school learners' 'school life-related coping' respectively.

폴록사머를 이용한 디클로페낙 고형 좌제의 개발

용철순,오유경,김정애,김용일,박상만,양준호,이종달,최한곤 한국약제학회 2004 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.34 No.2

To develop a poloxamer-based solid suppository with poloxamer mixtures, the melting points of various formulations composed of P 124 and P 188 were investigated. To investigate the effect of poloxamer to the dissolution and dissolution mechanism of diclofenac sodium from the suppository the dissolution of diclofenac sodium delivered by the poloxamer-based suppository was performed. Furthermore, to investigate the mucoadhesive property of the poloxamer-based solid suppository, the identification test in the rectum was carried out after its rectal administration in rats. The poloxamer mixtures composed of P 124 and P 188 were homogeneous. Very small amounts of P 188 affected the melting points of poloxamer mixtures. In particular, the poloxamer mixture [P 124/P 188 (97/3%)] with the melting point of about 32℃ was a solid form at room temperature and instantly melted at physiological temperature. Furthermore, very small amounts of P 188 in the poloxamer-based suppository hardly affected the dissolution rates of diclofenac sodium from the suppository. Dissolution mechanism analysis showed the dissolution of diclofenac sodium was proportional to the time. At 4 h after administration, the blue color of poloxamer-based suppository [diclofenac sodium/poloxamer mixture (2.5/97.5%)] with the P 124/P 188 ratio of (97/3%) and blue lake in the rectum was faded. However, the position of suppository in the rectum did not significantly change with time. Thus, it retained in the rectum for at least 4 h. Our results indicated that the poloxamer-based solid suppository with P 124 and P 188 would be a candidate of rectal dosage from for diclofenac sodium.

英語와 國語의 隱喩比較

劉龍熙 서울産業大學校 1984 논문집 Vol.20 No.1

Languages differ in their structure and expressions and the superiority of a language can be judged by how many different ways of expression it has each concept. The variety of expression comes from the difference of concepts and the style of thinking. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other people. And our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. We can't get along well without metaphor. Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not justin language but in thought and action. Here the conceptional differences through metaphorical expressions between Korean and English are dealt in two parts: a) Though images are similar, expressions are different. b)Both concepts and expressions are different. Metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of mere words. Human thought processes are largely metaphorical. Therefore how to deal with metaphor as linguistic object is the big problem we face now.

아세클로페낙 연질캡슬(클란자 에스 연질캡슬)의 개발

용철순,이경희,최진석,박병주,정세현,김용일,박상만,배명수,김귀자,김영식,유창훈,강성룡,유봉규,이종달,최한곤 한국약제학회 2004 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.34 No.1

To develop and aceclofenac soft capsule, four preparations with various solubilizers were prepared and their dissolution test was carried out. Among four preparations tested, a preparation with ethanolamine was selected a formula of aceclofenac soft capsule (Clanza S^(™), since it showed the fastest dissolution rate. Bioequivalence of aceclofenac tablet, Airtal^(™)(Dae-Woong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and aceclofenac soft capsule, Clanza S^(™)(Korea United Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was evaluated according to the guideline of KFDA. Fourteen normal male volunteers (age 20-25 years old) were divided into two groups and a randomized 2×2 cross-over study was employed. After oral administration of one tablet or capsule containing 100 ㎎ of aceclofenac, blood ws taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of aceclofenac in plasma wa determined with an HPLC method under UV detector. The pharmacokinetic parameters (C_(max), T_(max) and AUC_(t)) were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters using logarithmically transformed AUC_(t), C_(max) and T_(max) between Airtal tablet and Clanza soft capsule were 2.89%, 0.18% and 43.0%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.250(e.g.log(0.81) - log(1.23) and log(0.89) - log(1.14)) for AUC_(t) and C_(max), respectively. Thus, the criteria of the KDFA guidelines for the equivalence was satisfied, indicating that Clanza S^(™) soft capsule is bioequivalent to Airtal^(™) tablet.

플라즈마 질화법에 의한 SKD 11 공구강의 표면 경화에 관한 연구

유용주,이재식,공경준 울산대학교 1996 공학연구논문집 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구는 온도범위 450 - 650℃, NH₃ 가스유량 0.5 - 2.1 l/min., 처리시간 20 - 110분의 조건에서 SKD 11 냉간 금형용 공구강을 플라즈마 질화처리하여 강 표면에 생성된 경화층(화합물층 및 확산층)의 조성 및 두께와 각각의 경도값을 조사하여 질화의 최적조건을 찾고자 하였다. 반응온도 550℃, NH₃2.1 l/min., 반응시간 110분일 경우 14㎛의 최대 화합물층을 얻었으며, 반응온도 550℃, NH₃1.65 l/min.로 110분간 반응시켰을 때 생성된 확산층은 210㎛였으며, 최대 질화층은 220㎛이었다. 또한, 플라즈마 질화처리한 SKD 11 냉간 금형용 공구강 표면과 화합물층을 XRD로 분석한 결과 450℃와 500℃에서는 r' - Fe₄N + α - Fe로, 550℃에서는 r' - Fe₄N - ε -Fe₂₃N, 그리고 600℃ 이상에서는 r' - Fe₄N + α + Fe로 구성되어 있는 혼합상이었다. 550℃, NH₃1.65l/min., 80분간 질화처리 하였을 때 생성된 질화층의 최대표면경도는 Hv 1100이었다. The plasma nitriding of SKD 11 tool steel has been studied at the temperature between 450℃ and 650℃ with gas flow rate of NH₃ 0.5 to 2.1 l/min. for 20 to 110 minutes. The phases of compound layer formed below 500℃ and above 600℃ was mixtures of r'-Fe₄N and α- Fe phases, while the phases formed at 550℃ was r'-Fe₄N and ε-Fe₂₄N phases. The thichness of compound layer formed at 550℃ with gas flow of NH₃2.1 l/min. for 110 minutes was 14㎛. The thickness fo nitrided layer formed at 550℃ with gas flow rate of NH₃1.65 l/min. for 110 minutes was 220㎛. The nitrided layer was composed of 10㎛ compound layer and 210㎛ diffusion layer. The hardness of nitrided layer formed at 550℃ with gas flow rate of NH₃ 1.65 l/min. for 80minutes was Hv 1100.

회전익 항공기용 외활형식 착륙장치의 정ㆍ동적 분석에 관한 연구

유용석,이동명,채경덕,오택열 경희대학교 산학협력기술연구원 1996 산학협력기술연구논문집 Vol.2 No.-

It is important to make sure of design's reasonability concerning of structural vibration problems and safety with fulfilling the research and with analyzing the body structures that include the landing gear which has dynamic significant characteristics in helicopter, and to make systematical procedure which obtains engineering data to guarantee the quality of the helicopter that was developed by testing of parts, subsystems and body. In this study, Analysis of landing gear under FAR regulations was attempted, and systematical procedure for static and dynamic characteristics of the landing gear in many subsystems of the helicopter was classified.