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『법화경』은 일체중생의 성불을 설하는가?-세친 『법화경론』의 사종성문설을 중심으로-
하영수 ( Ha¸ Young-su ) 한국사상사학회 2021 韓國思想史學 Vol.- No.68
『법화경』의 일승사상은 일체중생의 성불을 설하는 것으로 널리 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 세친의 『법화경론』을 중심으로 이 주제에 대하여 검토하였다. 세친은 그의 주석서에서 『법화경』의 성문을 퇴보리심성문(退菩提心聲聞), 응화성문(應化聲聞), 증상만성문(增上慢聲聞), 결정성문(決定聲聞)의 네 부류로 분류하고 있다. 이 사종성문설은『유가사지론』에서 설해진 사종성문의 개정(改定)이다. 세친은 이 사종성문 중에서 앞의 두 부류는 여래로부터 직접 수기를 받았지만, 나머지 두 부류의 성문은 상불경(常不輕)보살로부터 수기를 받았다고 설명한다. 본 논문에서는 『법화경』에서 이 사종성문에 대응하는 경문을 찾아 그들의 성불 여부를 검토하였다. 그 결과 네 부류의 성문이 모두 성불할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 특히 관건이 되는 것은 유가행파에서 성불할 수 없는 성문으로 분류한 취적성문(趣寂聲聞)의 성불 여부이다. 그러나 취적 성문에 관해서는 「화성유품」에서 아라한의 죽음 이후의 과정을 설명하면서 그들의 성불을 선언하고 있다. 따라서 경전에 취적성문이 성불한다는 내용이 설해져 있으므로, 세친은 수행론적 관점이 반영된 취적성문이라는 용어를 종성론적 색채가 투영된 결정성문으로 변경했을 것으로 추정하였다. 이러한 변경은 『법화경』의 ‘일체중생의 성불’이라는 명제와 유가행파의 ‘종성이론’ 사이의 긴장 관계를 반영하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 만일 『법화경』의 일승(一乘)사상을 종성론적 관점에서 표현한다면 일종성(一種姓)이 될 것이다. The One Vehicle doctrine of the Lotus Sutra is widely known as preaching the Buddhahood of all sentient beings. In this study, I review this topic, focusing on Vasubandhu’s commentary (法華經論, Fa-huaching- lun). In his commentary, Vasubandhu classifies the śrāvakas (disciples) of the Lotus Sutra into four types: śrāvakas who have turned away from the bodhicitta (退菩提心聲聞), śrāvakas whom buddhas and bodhisattvas have transformed into the shape of disciples (應化聲聞), arrogant (or self-conceited) śrāvakas (增上慢聲聞), and śrāvakas whose gotra is in a determinative state (決定聲聞). This categorization of four types of śrāvakas is a revision of that presented in Yogācārabhūmi (瑜伽師地論). Vasubandhu explains that, among these four types of śrāvakas, the first two types received predictions directly from the Tathāgata, while the other two types of śrāvakas received predictions from the Sadāparibhūtabodhisattva (常不輕菩薩). In this paper, I attempt to find the scriptures corresponding to these four types in the Lotus Sutra and examine whether they attained Buddhahood. The result is confirmation that all four types of śrāvakas can attain Buddhahood. In particular, the key issue is the śrāvaka who proceeds solely toward peacefulness (趣寂聲聞), who is classified as unable to attain Buddhahood in the Yogācāra tradition. As for this type of śrāvaka, however, the process after the death of Arhats is revealed, and their attainment of Buddhahood is declared in the “Parable of the Phantom City” chapter (化城喩品). Because the scripture says that this type of śrāvaka can attain Buddhahood, it is assumed that Vasubandhu changed the term “the śrāvaka who proceeds solely toward peacefulness” to “the determinative śrāvaka,” which projects the color of the gotra theory more clearly. This change can be seen as reflecting the tension between the Lotus Sutra’s proposition of the enlightenment of all sentient beings and the gotra theory of the Yogācāra tradition. If the One Vehicle doctrine of the Lotus Sutra were expressed from the perspective of the gotra theory, it would be the One Gotra.
Youngsu Kim(김영수) 한국영어어문교육학회 2019 영어어문교육 Vol.25 No.4
This study aims to explore the effects of writing prompts on high school students’ writing performance. 124 first-year high school students participated in this study and they were divided into the bare-prompt group and the framed-prompt group. Again the two groups were divided into the sub-groups of higher-level participants and lower-level participants each. The data was analyzed in terms of quantity and quality, and the results are as follows: In quantitative terms, the framed-prompt group did not show significantly better results than the bare-prompt group, and the same can be said for both the higher-level students and the lower-level students of each group even if a writing prompt showed indications that it might be slightly more suitable and beneficial to the lower-level students of the framed-prompt group. In qualitative terms, in contrast, the framed-prompt group showed significantly better results than the bare-prompt group on the whole, but while the higher-level students of the framed-prompt group did not perform significantly better than their counterparts of the bare-prompt group, the lower-level students in the former group showed quite a different result. These results were presented in detail and their pedagogical implications were further discussed in comparison to previous studies.
The Effect of Creating a Prior Event in Story Telling
Youngsu Kwon,Jungok Bae 언어과학회 2018 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.86
This study investigated what effect the creation of a prior event has on content quality in story writing and if the effect varies depending on easy versus difficult topics. Two topics (overslept, digging) were selected; for each topic, two tasks (prior-required, prior-unrequired) were developed. Middle-school students performed one of the four tasks. For the easy topic, the prior-required group had a greater proportion of prior events in the writing but a significantly lower mean for content. For the difficult topic, no significant difference was found in both domains. In conclusion, the task asking students to create a prior event is more difficult and has greater discriminatory power when used with an easy topic and is recommended as a test for selection purposes.
A Study on the Effects of a TETE Class on English Learners’ Motivation and Anxiety
( Youngsu Kim ),( Young Ah Cho ) 대한언어학회 2018 언어학 Vol.26 No.2
The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 26(2), 107-131. This study investigates the effects of a TETE (Teaching English through English) class on English learners’ motivation and anxiety based on gender and English proficiency. 207 first-year high school students participated in this study and were assigned to low-, mid-, and high-level groups according to their proficiency. In the study, a background questionnaire, an English motivation questionnaire, an English anxiety questionnaire, and National United Achievement Tests were employed. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the females and the males in the four motivation components, except for the self-determination component, while significant differences were found in all motivation components among the three levels. The findings also revealed that there were significant gender differences in speaking and other types of anxiety, and they were displayed among the levels. Based on these findings, ways for English teachers to lead their TETE classes effectively and their roles in the classes are suggested. Pedagogical implications are also discussed in detail.
Jungian Character Network in Growing Other Character Archetypes in Films
Youngsue Han 한국콘텐츠학회 2019 International Journal of Contents Vol.15 No.2
This research demonstrates a clear visual outline of character influence-relations in creating Jungian character archetypes in films using R computational technology. It contributes to the integration of Jungian analytical psychology into film studies by revealing character network relations in film. This paper handles character archetypes and their influence on developing other character archetypes in films in regards to network analysis drawn from Lynn Schmidt’s analysis of 45 master characters in films. Additionally, this paper conducts a character network analysis visualization experiment using R open-source software to create an easily reproducible tutorial for scholars in humanities. This research is a pioneering work that could trigger the academic communities in humanities to actively adopt data science in their research and education.