철봉 내리기 공중 동작의 운동학적 분석(I)

최지영,김용이,진영완 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 철봉운동에서 기본이 되는 동작인 몸펴 한번 뒤돌아 내리기 동작을 단계적으로 분석한 후, 이를 토대로 하여 현재 시합상황 중 가장 널리 사용되는 응용동작인 몸펴 두 번 뒤돌아 내리기 동작과 몸펴 두 번 뒤돌며 한번 비틀어 내리기 동작의 운동학적 분석을 수행하여 개개분절 간의 상호작용을 해부학적 3차원 각운동과 각속도로 설명하고 이해할 수 있는 운동학적 자료를 제시하는데 있다. 피험자들은 현재 K대학교에 재학중이며 대학 대표선수인 남자 기계체조 선수 7명을 선정하였으며, 연구에 사용된 인체의 모델은 Zatsiorsky와 Seluyanov(1983, 1985)이 사용한 16개의 분절로 이루어진 인체의 모델을 사용하였다. 신체무게중심이 이동방향을 설명할 수 있는 투사각도 및 투사속도는 공중동작의 회전수가 증가할수록 신체무게중심이 투사되는 각도가 증가되며, 이렇게 증가된 신체무게중심의 투사각도는 신체무게중심의 최고점을 증가시키는 경향을 보였다. 3차원 투사속도를 살펴본 결과 Z방향(수직방향)은 공중돌기 회전수가 증가할수록 증가하는 경향이 나타났으나, 운동진행 방향인 Y방향 속도와 좌우측 기울기를 설명할 수 있는 X방향 속도에서는 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 철봉 내리기 공중동작에서의 신체분절 및 각도 변화도 중요하지만 각운동량을 만들어내기 위한 동작준비구간의 각도 변화가 더욱더 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 즉, 상체가 철봉 아래 봉과 수직될 때부터 릴리즈 순간까지의 각도 변화에 주목해야 하는 데, 회전수가 증가할수록, 어깨관절 각도와 엉덩관절 각도 변화가 두드러지게 나타나 준비구간의 추기기 동작(Whip swing)의 주된 관절로 작용을 한다. 관성좌표계에 대한 상체의 움직임을 나타내는 3차원 방향의 각도 즉, 뒤돌기(somersault)각도, 틀기(twist)각도 그리고 기울기(tilt)각도로 설명이 되는데, 본 연구의 결과 릴리즈시 뒤돌기 각은 세가지 내리기 동작 유형에 따라 평균 57,7도, 38.8도 그리고 39.7도로 나타났으며, 기울기 각은 평균 -1.5도, -5.4도 그리고 -8.4도로 유의한 차이를 보이고 있으며, 틀기각도는 평균 13.4도, 10.6도 그리고 23.3도로 몸펴 두번 뒤돌며 한번 비틀어 내리기 경우 가장 큰 수치를 나타냈다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between the segments of the body, the three dimensional anatomical angle and the angular velocity of the air born phase and understand the control mechanism of the high-bar movement, the somersault, the double somersault, the double somersault with full twist. For this study seven well trained university gymnastic volunteered, Zatsiorky and Seluyanov(1983, 1985)' sixteen segment system anatomical model was used for this study. For the movement analysis three dimensional cinematographical method(Arial Performance Analysis System : APAS) was used and for the calculation of the kinematic variables a self developed program was used with the LabVIEW 5.1 graphical profromming(Johnson, 1999) program. By using Eular's equations the three dimensional anatomical Cardan angles of the joint and angular velocity were defined. 1. As the rotation of the body increased in the air born phase the projection angle of the CM of the total increased, this resulted the increased of the max hight of the CM. 2. In three dimensional angular velocity the Z axis(vertical direction) projection angular velocity increased as the rotation of the body increased in the airborn phase, but the Y axis and the X axis projection angular velocity did not show significant differences. 3. As the rotation of the body increased in the air born phase the angular movement of the shoulder and the hip showed significant change. These movement act as the starter in the preparation phase. 4. The somersault angle, the twist angle, the tilt angle of the upper body related to the global reference frame in the releas phase the average somersault angle of the three types of high-bar movement was 57.7˚ , 38.8˚ , 39.7˚ , the average tilt angle was -1.5˚ , -5.4˚ , -8.4˚ , the average twist angle was 13.4˚ , 10.6˚ , 23.3˚ . This result showed that the somersault with full twist had the largest movement.

內草島産 가무락, Cyclina sinensis의 性成熟에 關한 硏究

鄭義泳,吳永男 群山大學校自然科學硏究所 1990 自然科學硏究 Vol.5 No.-

1989年 1月부터 12月까지 西海 錦江 下口인 內草島에 서식하고 있는 가무락을 대상으로 資源管理 및 增養殖을 위해 組織學的 방법에 의해 調査된 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 가무락은 雌雄異體로 卵生이다. 卵巢는 수많은 卵巢小囊, 精巢는 小管狀의 精巢小葉으로 構成되어 있고 이들 소엽상피가 生殖上皮의 기능을 한다. 2. 未分化間充組織과 호산성과입세포들은 생식세포 形成 및 發達을 위해 영양을 공급하는 一種의 영양세포로 간주된다. 3. 가무락의 生殖周期는 分裂增殖期(2∼4月), 成長期(3∼6月), 成熟期(5∼8月), 放出期(7∼9月初), 退化 및 休止期(9∼2月)의 연속적인 5단계로 區分할 수 있었다. 4. 가무락의 産卵期는 수온이 24℃以上인 7月부터 9月中旬까지이며 産卵盛期는 7, 8月이었다. 그리고 産卵은 水溫과 밀접한 關係를 가진다. 5. 內草島産 가무락의 群成熟度는 殼長 26.0∼30.0㎜사이에서 암·수 共히 50%이상이 再生産에 가담하였고, 殼長 41.0㎜이상에서는 100%가 産卵에 참여하고 있다. 全個體의 50%가 再生産에 가담하기 시작하는 個體들의 연령은 滿 2年生으로 推定된다. The gonadal development, the reproductive cycle, egg-diameter composition, and the first sexual maturity of the venus clam, Cyclina sinensis, were investigated monthly by histological observation on the samples from the intertidal zone of Naecho-do, Kunsan, Chollabuk-do, west coast of Korea, for one year from January to December in 1989. Sexuality of the clam is dioecious. The ovary is composed of a number of ovarian sacs, and the testis comprise several testicular lobules. The undifferentiate mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells function as nutritive cells in the formation and development of the germ cells in the early stage. The ripe eocytes are about 90-100 ㎛ in diameter. The spawning period was from early July to September, and the main spawning occurred between July and August when the sea water temperature reached above 24℃. Spawning is closely related to the sea water temperature. The reproductive cycle of this species could be divided into five successive stages: multiplicative(February to April), growing (March to June), mature (May to August), Spent (July to September), and degenerative and resting(September to February) stage. Percentages of the first sexual maturity in female and male clams ranging from 26.0 to 30.0㎜ were over 50% and from over 41.0㎜ in shell length 100%. It is assume that both sexes begin reproduction from the age of 2 years.

온수 추출특성에 관한 실험적 연구

박이동,장영근 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1995 論文集 Vol.46 No.1

A lot of research on energy storage process has been performed but few extraction process has been studied. In this study, extraction process of hot water stored in a hot water storage tank was analyzed according to dynamic and geometric parameters dominating the hot water withdrawal process. For this study, the experiments of hot water extraction were carried out by changing withdrawal rates of hot water ranged from 4LPM to 8LPM (Q=4, 6, 8LPM) and by changing temperature differences between hot water initially stored in a storage tank and cold water inflowed to a storage tank ranged from 10℃ to 30℃ (△T=10, 20, 30℃). And also, single round port, perforated distributor (Aspect Ratio=2) and modified distributor (Aspect Ratio=2. 5) were used as a inlet and outlet shapes. The purpose of this investigation was to experimentally determine what outlet conditions are favorable to enhance hot water extraction efficiency during the hot water withdrawal process. As a results, during the hot water extraction, as the extraction rate of hot water decreased, at the same time the temperature difference between cold water inflowed to the storage tank and hot water initially stored in the storage tank increased and modified distributor I(MDI) was used outlet shape, thermocline appeared at the lower region of the storage tank, extraction efficiency of hot water increased.

사회교육으로서의 비서교육기관의 현황

한영아,정지현,홍명이 이화여자대학교 법정대학 비서학과 1992 비서학연구 Vol.- No.12

자리돔, Chromis notatus(Temminck et Schlegel)의 정소발달에 따른 정소구조의 변화

이영돈,정의영,이택열 제주대학교 해양연구소 1993 해양자원연구소연구보고 Vol.17 No.-

Changes in the testicular structures and gonadosomatic index(GSI) of Chromis notatus was histologically investigated. Specimens of damselfish were monthly collected by the Jari-fishjng nets at the coastal area around Seogwipo, Cheju-do, Korea from February 1990 to September 1991. Sexuality of the species was dioecieous. The testis was paired, located along the vertebrae in the dorsal posterior part of the abdominal cavity, and was bilateral asymmetrical. The testis consisting of a pair of lobular Structures in the right and left was united in the posterior seminal vesicle. Cortex of the testis was composed of several testicular lobules and medulla was composed of many sperm ducts connected with the lobules. The course of maturation in the present species proceeded synchronously in all cells within a cyst. but it was different more or less from lobule to lobule. Mature spermatozoa were accumulated in the lumen of the lobules. A small number of spermatogonia remained as residual spermatogofium in the resting state at the resting stage as a reserver for the next generation of germ cells. spermatogenesis was shown active in the early development stage, but development of interstitial Cells were very poor at this stage. Maximal development of apparently active interstitial cells occured in the mature stage during the period from May to September but secretory activity had not been observed Clearly in them. It is also suggested that in the early phases of testicular growth, interstitial cells probably does not particularly medidate pituitary stimulation of spermatogenesis. Activity of the inhalobular cyst cells changed clearly along with their sexual maturation. They were thin, elliptical or triangular shape, their nucleus and cytoplasm increased in size during the mature and ripe stage, while they decreased markedly in size and showed strong affinity to haematoxylin after breeding. Secretory activity of these cells had not been observed clearly in them also. Environmental factors seemed to stirnulate testicular growth and maturity as judged from the more advanced sexual Stages of the testes. The maturation of the testis was supposed to be induced by longer day length (photoperiod) and higher water temperature, and to reach the spent period. GSI began to increase from March, starting period of longer day length and then, it gradually indreased form April, and reached the maximum value in June and August when water temperatures were higher water temperature, the longest day length. Therefore, the testis development of this species is closely related to environmental factors.

대맛조개, Solen grandis(Dunker)의 生殖細胞 形成過程 및 生殖周期

鄭義泳,金榮吉 群山大學校自然科學硏究所 1986 自然科學硏究 Vol.1 No.-

韓國産 맛조개류中 크기가 가장 크며 水産業上 重要한 位置를 차지하고 있는 대맛조개, Solen grandis를 對象으로 生殖細胞 形成過程 및 生殖周期를 組織學的으로 調査하였고 이들의 增養殖을 爲한 基礎資料를 제공하기 爲해 生殖生物學的 調査를 하였다. 1. 대맛조개는 雌雄異體로서 卵生이다. 生殖巢는 內臟囊의 肝中腸線下方으로부터 足部의 纖維性網狀結締組織까지 分布되어 있다. 2. 卵巢는 數많은 卵巢小囊으로 構成되어 있으며 卵巢小囊의 上皮는 生殖上皮의 機能을 하고 있다. 卵原細胞는 生殖上皮上에서 어린 卵母細胞가 成長하고 있다. 精巢 역시 수많은 精巢小葉으로 構成되어 있으며 精巢小葉上皮는 生殖上皮의 기능을 한다. 小葉上皮를 따라서 精原細胞들이 活潑하게 增殖하고 있다. 3. 初期分裂增殖中인 卵原細胞는 10μm內外의 크기로 核과 仁이 뚜렷하고, 初期 成長中인 卵母細胞는 卵柄을 形成하여 生殖上皮에 부착하였다. 4. 數많은 未分化間充織과 好酸性顆粒細胞들은 初期發達期에 成長中인 卵母細胞와 精母細胞사이에 풍부하게 分布하나 卵巢와 精巢가 좀더 發達해감에 따라서 이들 間充織과 好酸性顆粒細胞들은 점차로 사라져 이들 組織과 細胞들은 營養細胞로 간주된다. 5. 成熟卵母細胞들은 卵巢小囊의 內腔內에서 원형 또는 타원형으로 되며, 完熟卵의 크기는 80∼90μm이었다. 그리고 精巢小葉上皮上에는 精原細胞 精母細胞, 精細胞 및 變態한 精子의 順으로 重層配列을 하였다. 6. 生殖年周期는 12月부터 1月까지 分裂增殖期, 1月부터 3月까지 成長期, 3月에서 8月까지 成熟期, 6月에서 7月까지 放出期 그리고 7月에서 12月까지 退化 및 休止期 등 連續的인 周期로 區分할 수 있었고 産卵盛期는 7月이었다. 7. 産卵期는 水溫과 密接한 關係를 가지며 水溫 20℃ 以上에서 産卵이 일어나고 있다. 8. 年間 肥滿度 및 消化盲囊의 脂肪細胞內 脂肪함량의 變化는 生殖年周期와 密接한 關係를 가지며 變하였다. 9.암컷과 수컷의 群成熟度는 殼長 8.0∼8.9 cm에서 50% 이상이었고, 10.0∼10.9 cm에서가 100%이었다. 全個體의 50% 이상이 再生産에 가담하기 시작하는 개체들의 연령은 滿 2歲부터 이었다. The structure of gonads, gametogenesis and reproductive cycle of the razor clam, Solen grandis were investigated by histological observation, and studied by comparing various quantitative variables, such as seasonal changes of fatness, the liver cell of the digestive diverticulum, and the first maturity. The materials were monthly collected at the coastal area of Yoobu-Do, Chungcheong Namdo, Korea, for one year from February 1985 to January 1986. 1. Sexuality of Solen grandis is dioecious, and the species is oviparous. The gonads are irregularly arranged from the subregion of mid-intestinal gland in visceral cavity to reticular connective tissue of foot. 2. The ovary is composed of a number of small ovarian sacs. The epithelium of ovarian sac has a function of the germinal epithelium. Oogonia actively proliferate along the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac, in which young oocytes are growing. The testis is composed of a number of testicular lobuli, and the epithelium of the testicular lobule has function of germinal epithelium, along which spermatogonia actively proliferate. 3. Early multiplicating oogonium was about 10 μm in diameter. Nucleus and nucleolus were distinct in appearance. Each of the early growing oocytes made an egg-stalk, connected to the germinal epithelium. 4. A great number of undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells are abundantly distributed between the growing oocytes and spermatocytes in the early development stages. With the further development of the ovary and testis, these tissues and cells gradually disappear. Then the undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and granular cells are considered to be related to the growing of the oocytes and spermatocytes as nutritive cells. 5. Mature oocytes gradually become round or oval in the lumen of ovarian sac. Ripe oocytes were about 80 to 90 μm in diameter. With the further development of gonad, each of the testicular lobli formed stratified layers composed of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa in groups on the germinal epithelium. 6. The reproductive cycle of this species could be classified into five stages; Multiplicative from December to January, growing from January to March, mature from March to August, spent from June to July with peak spawning in July, degeneration and resting stage from July to December. 7. It seems that spawning season is closely related to the water temperature, and the spawning of Solen grandis occurs at above 20℃ in water temperature. 8. The annual variation of fatness of Solen grandis correlated with gonadal phases, was remarkably decreased by spawning. It seems that changes of the volume of lipid in the lipid cell of digestive diverticulum is closely related to the reproductive cycle also. 9. Percentages of the first maturity in female and male clams ranging from 8.0 to 8.9 cm were over 50% and from 10.0 to 10.9 cm in shell length 100%. Both sexes participated in reproduction from two years old.

노통 연관식 폐열 보일러의 최적 설계

박이동,이관종,장영근 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1995 論文集 Vol.46 No.2

This study is to obtain optimized design parameters of waste heat boiler with fire and smoke tube which are widely used to provide process and building heat. The optimum parameters obtained in this study can be used as a guideline for actual. boiler design of this type. The design optimization considered here is to find the most economical dimensions of the boiler considered which results in a minimum cost in producing a unit amount of steam per given period of operation. For this purpose, the first we have to determine what are the main parameters of affecting the total cost of producing a unit amount of steam which is comprised of manufacturing cost of the boiler, operating cost of the fan, etc. For the selected design parameters, we will have to decide the conditions of each parameter which will result in the minimum total cost. For the waste heat boiler with fire and smoke tube under consideration, the major parameters of affecting the total cost are considered to the diameter of the smoke tube and the gas velocity among others. The two parameters selected here are considered for finding the optimum size of the boiler by minimizing the total cost which is a function of the manufacturing cost, purchasing cost of the fan, and the operation cost of the system. Through computer simulation, the optimum conditions of these two parameters are obtained for different boiler capacities and different periods of operation.

리보플라빈을 가진 수용성 백금(Ⅱ)착체의 합성과 항암활성 및 세포주기와의 관계

황규자,권영이 숙명여자대학교 약학연구소 1999 약학논문집-숙명여자대학교 Vol.16 No.-

A series of vitamine-containing Pt(II) complexes of the type [Pt(Rf)(L)], (where Rf=riboflavin, L=ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine, 1,4-butanediamine) was synthesized and characterized by IR, electronic absorption, elemental analysis and FAB-Mass. The coordination sites of Rf to Pt(II) ions were determined to be N(5) and 0(6) with resultant chelate ring formation. These compouds have much better water solubility(145- 150mg/ml) than cisplatin has(lmg/ml). The anticancer activity of this Riboflavin-containing Pt(II) series was investigated by MTT assay against mouse and human leukemia cell lines in vitro. Interaction between Pt(II) complex and DNA were analyzed by flowcytometry, and showed G2/M arrest in LI210 cell line.

다공성세라믹에 의한 에멀전상 유분흡착에 관한 연구

윤동준,권이열,김주영 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 1988 環境科學論文集 Vol.9 No.-

본 연구는 다공성세라믹에 소수성처리를 하여 Emulsified oil의 흡착에 관하여 고찰하였다. 실험에 사용한 다공성세라믹에 Corn-oil, Kerosene 및 Bunker-A의 Emulsified oil을 회분식으로 실험하였다. 다공성세라믹의 particle size, 온도, pH 및 흡착제의 양을 변화시키며서 각 인자에 대하여 특성을 관찰한 결과, 제거율은 Bunker-A, Kerosen, Corn oil의 순서을 나타났으며, Activated Carbon과 비교실험하여 Activated Carbon보다 30%이상 좋은 유분제거율을 보였다. This investigation was carried out to study on the absorption properties of emulsified oils by porous ceramics. In this experiment, emulsified oils of corn oil, kerosene and bunker-A were used by porous ceramics in batch type experiment. The specific characterics were observated by factors particle size of porous ceramics, temperature, pH and amounts of absorbents. The efficiency of removal showed the sequence of bunker-A, kerosene, and corn oil. In the comparative experiment of activated carbon. the efficiency of removal of porous ceramics showed more high(over 30%) than it of activated carbon.

산천어, Oncorhynchus masou의 성분화

박인석,이영돈,정의영 제주대학교 해양연구소 1997 해양자원연구소연구보고 Vol.21 No.-

Determing the initial treatment time and duration of treatment for sex reversal in fish is important. In this study the formation of gonad and their manner of sex differentiation in cherry salmon. Oncorhynchus masou was histologically examined. Primordial germ cell in mean total length 2.24 cm fry (24 days after hatching. accumulated temperature 194℃ ) appeared between mesonephric dut and gut. Genital ridge development was predominant in larva (36 days after hatching, accumulated temperature 294℃ ) with primordial germ cells(mean diameter of 14.2㎛) in active mitosis. Sex differentiation initiated at 40 days after hatching(mean total length 2.87cm. accumulated temperature 326℃ ) and ovarian cavity and efferent duct appeared in larva(mean total length of 3.25 cm) 44 days after hatching. Larva with a mean total length of 5.90 cm in 104 days after hatching (accumulated temperature 890℃) showed differentiated gonad and female and male sex ratio in this stage is 1:1.04(P<0.01). Above result revealed that gonad differentiation pattern of cherry salmon is differentiated gonochorism.